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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bonds in a protein are fairly strong and therefore not broken down easily

A

Disulfide

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2
Q

Which bonds are formed between the carboxyl and amino acid groups and are easily broken by changes in PH

A

Ionic

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3
Q

Explain the test for proteins

A

Place a sample in a test tube and add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide solution
Add a few drops of very dilute copper sulphate solution and mix gently
A purple colour action indicates peptide bonds and therefore a protein

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4
Q

What is the name if the test for proteins

A

Biuret test

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5
Q

What colour will the solution remain when testing for proteins if proteins are not present

A

Blue

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6
Q

Fibrous proteins form what functions

A

Structural

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7
Q

Globular proteins carry out what functions

A

Metabolic functions

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8
Q

Given an example of a fibrous protein

A

Collagen

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9
Q

Given an example of a globular protein

A

Enzymes or haemoglobin

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the transmission electron microscope

A

Whole System must be in a vacuumed so living organisms can’t be observed
A complex staining process is required
The specimen must be extremely thin
The image may contain artefacts

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11
Q

What can the SEM do that the TEM not do

A

Produce a 3d image

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12
Q

Which has a higher resolution the TEM or the SEM

A

TEM

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13
Q

A bactira is what type of cell.

A

Prokaryotic

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14
Q

The folds in the double membrane of the mitochondria that form extensions are know as what

A

Cristae

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15
Q

The remainder of the mitochondria that is formed of a semi rigid material containing protein lipids and traces of DNA is known as what

A

Matrix

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16
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
Provide a path way for the transport of materials especially proteins throughout the cell

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17
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids

Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas
Secrete carbohydrates such as those used in making cell walls
Transport modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes

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19
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes

A

Break down material ingested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes to the outside of the cell
Digest worn out organelles so chemicals they are made of can be reused
Completely break down cells after they have died

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20
Q

What type of of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells

A

80S

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21
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells ?

A

70S

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22
Q

What are the roles of lipids

A

Energy source
Waterproofing
Insulation
Protection

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23
Q

What is the name of the test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

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24
Q

Explain the test for lipids

A

Take dry grease free test tube
Take 2cm of sample an add to 5cm of ethanol
Shake thoroughly to dissolve any lipid sample
Add 5cm of water and shake gently
A cloudy white colour indicates the presence of lipids

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25
In a phospholipid the head is what
Hydrophilic
26
In a phospholipid the tail is what
Hydrophobic
27
What are the 3 bonds formed in proteins ?
Disulfided Ionic Hydrogen
28
Why are pathogens that show a lot of antigenic variability would cause a vaccine to be ineffective
Antigen changes so specific antibody no longer binds to new antigen Many different strains so not possible to make a vaccine with all antigens
29
Name 6 ways that substances can cross the cell surface membrane other than diffusion
Osmosis Co-transport Facilitated diffusion Active transport By phagocytosis Exocytosis- fusion of vesicle with cell surface membrane
30
Explain facilitated diffusion
Use of channel/ carrier protein | Down concentration gradient
31
What is an atheroma
A fatty deposited in the wall of the artery
32
What does the aorta do ?
Connected to the left ventricle carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body apart from the lungs.
33
What is the function of the vena cava?
Connected to the right atrium brings back deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body
34
What is the function of the pulmonary artery
Connected to the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen is replenished and it's carbon dioxide is removed
35
What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry
Deoxygenated blood
36
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
Connected to the left atrium and brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.
37
What type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry
Oxygenated blood
38
The heart is supplied blood by what vessels
Coronary arteries
39
The contraction of the heart is known as what
Systole
40
The relaxation of the heart is known as what
Diastole
41
What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle
Diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole (That order)
42
Valves in veins are known as what?
Pocket valves
43
What is the definition of stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle at each beat
44
What is the formulae for cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
45
What is the definition of cardiac output
The volume if blood pumped out by one ventricle of the heart in one minute
46
What are the sequence of events that control the cardiac cycle
A wave of electrical activity spreads out from the SAN causing both atria to contract top down A layer of non-conductive prevents the waves crossing to the ventricle The wave passes through the AVN The AVN after a short delay conveys a wave of electrical activity to the bundle of His The bundle of His conducts the wave to the base of the ventricles This moves through the purjkine fibres causing the ventricle to contract up
47
What is thrombosis
Formation of a blot clot within a vessel that may lead to a blockage
48
What happens in thrombosis
An atheroma brakes through the endothelium lining of a blood vessel and forms a rough surface that interrupts the smooth flow of blood
49
How does an aneurysm form
Atheroma that lead to the formation if thrombus weaken the artery walls. The weakened points swell to from ballon like blood filled structures
50
What is it called if an aneurysm busts
Haemorrhage
51
Name 4 risk factors of CHD
Smoking High blood pressure Blood cholesterol Diet
52
What are the two nonspecific defence mechanisms
Physical barrier eg. Skin | Phagocytosis
53
What are the specific defence mechanisms
Cell mediated response - t lymphocytes | Humoral response - b lymphocytes
54
Explain the process of phagocytosis
Chemicals produce by pathogen attract phagocytes Phagocytes attach them selves to the surface of the pathogen They engulf the pathogen to form a vesicle known as a phagosome Lysosomes move towards the vesicle and fuse with it Enzymes with in the lysosomes break down the pathogen
55
What is the response from t lymphocytes to infection from a pathogen
Pathogens invade body cells or are taken over by phagocytes The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane Receptors on certain T helper cells fit exactly onto these antigens This activates other T cells to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone
56
What do cloned T cells do
Develop into memory cells that enable a rapid response to future infections from the same pathogen Stimulate phagocytes to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis Stimulate B cells to divide Kill infected cells
57
Plasma cells are what stage of immune response
Primary
58
What do plasma cells do
Secrete antibodies directly to destroy the pathogen and the toxin it produces
59
What stage of immune response are memory cells
Secondary
60
What do memory cells do
Circulate in the blood and when they encounter the same pathogen at a later date they divide rapidly and develop in to plasma cells and more memory cells
61
How do B cells carry out there role in immunity
The surface antigens of the invading pathogen are taken up by B cells The B cells process the antigens and present them on their surfaces. T helper cells attached to the processed antigens on the B cells thereby activating them B cells activated divided by mitosis to give a clone of plasma cells The cloned plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to the antigens on the pathogen Antibodies attach to the pathogens antigens and destroy them Some B cells develop into memory cells
62
What is the definition of diffusion
The net movement of molecules or ions from a region with high concentration to region with low concentration
63
The more negative the value for water potential the what?
The lower the water potential
64
How are microvilli adapted for their function
Increase surface area for diffusion Very thin walled Able to move so help maintain gradient Good blood supply
65
When the internal intercostal muscles contract what happens
Expiration
66
The contraction of the external intercostal muscles cause what
Inspiration
67
What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation= tidal volume x ventilation rate
68
What are the essential features of a gas exchange system
``` Large Surface Area to volume ratio Very thin Partially permeable Movement of environmental medium Movement of internal medium ```
69
What is the role of the alveoli in gas exchange
Red blood cells are slowed Reduce diffusion distance as red blood cells are flattered against capillary wall Thin walls reduce diffusion distance Large surface area Blood flow through capillaries maintains concentration gradient
70
What are the symptoms of TB
Persistent cough Tiredness Loss of appetite Fever and coughing up of blood as disease develops

Biology (8 decks)

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