Unit 1-4 exam Flashcards by Lilly Hernandez

Acquiring information from a primary source; watching, listening, collecting
Ex. There are no front teeth in the upper jaw of skull A

Observations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conclusion derived from observation; this is why we collect evidence
Ex. Skull B is a meat eater and not a plant eater…because of our observation of sharp teeth

Inferences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Unsupported conclusion or claim; could be correct, but what evidence supports it?
Ex. Skull C is from an animal that lived in MO…what observation allows this statement?

Assumption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statement of why something happens; causal explanations; can be if, then statements, but you need the CAUSE; when resources are clumped together, males will mate with multiple females since they can defend more than one female at a time

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statement of what will happen if the hypothesis is correct
Ex. If I seal the jars, flies will not be able to lay their eggs, and no maggots will be present; resources that are widely dispersed result in few female mates for males

Prediction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alterations/variations of the independent variable, manipulation

Treatment group(s)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Removes the independent variable, does not have it, or is a placebo

Control group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The variable in a relationship that is believed to be the cause of the changes in other variables, manipulation, control, treatment

Independent variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The variable in a relationship that varies due to changes in the independent variable, response

Dependent variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The average value in a sample; sum/number; in the lab we used the clams, sum of all length measurements (x) divided by the number of clams measured (N)

Mean

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The middle value in a set of numbers, arranged from low to high

Median

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inaccuracy due to inadequate sample size; how you are choosing to sample; sample population does not represent the full population
Ex. Collecting frogs from 3 trees while in an area of 60 acres

Sampling error

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inaccuracy due to procedural faults; improper procedure; incorrect units or devices used
Ex. Used the incorrect measurements from a meter stick

Experimental error

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Show the functional relationship between two or more variables; how does manipulating the independent variable (x-axis, horizontal) affect the dependent variable (y-axis, vertical); you can have more than one line; relationship
Ex. Relationship between the body length and generation time in 6 species

Line graphs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Best fit/trend line: shows the relationship between the IV and the DV; avoid zigzagging; avoid extrapolation; labels, with units; title

How to graph well

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Estimating a value within the range of measured data; conclusions you can draw based on the data; inside the range of data on a line graph

Interpolation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Estimating a value outside the range of measured data; conclusions that fall outside the range of data; you are assuming the observed data continues without actually knowing that

Extrapolation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A graph of the frequency distribution of a set of data; the independent variable (x-axis) is continuous (numerical); range is broken up into equal intervals; dependent variable (y-axis) will always be a number/percent of individuals
Ex. Number of flycatchers with a forehead patch of the size indicated

Histograms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many do we count within each interval

Frequency distributions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A group of data in which the independent variable is categorical, rather than continuous; categorical data; x-axis is made up of distinct categories for comparison; y-axis is the number of samples within each category
Ex. Development time (egg hatch to adult) for a ladybug beetle reared on various diets

Bar graphs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cell that lacks membrane-bound organelles; has a cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes; single-celled organisms such as bacteria

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Includes membrane bound organelles; nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondrion, Golgi body, vacuole, smooth and rough ER

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is smaller, a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Membrane-bound structures and other bodies in the cytoplasm

Organelle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleus and nucleolus, smooth and rough ER, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, cell membrane, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts (unique to plants), cell wall (unique to plants, fungi, and bacteria)

Parts of eukaryotic cells

Outside of membrane in plant cell; adds rigid structure

Cell wall

Storage bins of the cell; store water and waste; different sizes for plants and animals

Vacuole

One cell does all the work; like a startup company

Single cell

Division of labor; like a large factory with an assembly line

Multi-cellular

Packages and transports cell secretions; fuses with cell membrane to send secretions outside of the cell; "international shipping"

Golgi body

Protein synthesis (building); blueprint transcribed from DNA; construction workers of the cell

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; "domestic shipping"

Rough ER

Lipid synthesis; transport within cell and cell membrane; "domestic shipping"

Smooth ER

Brain/headquarters of the cell; houses DNA and nucleolus

Nucleus

Builds ribosomes

Nucleolus

Composed of 2 molecules: proteins and phospholipids; phospholipids are built by smooth ER; proteins are built by rough ER because of ribosomes; heat and alcohol disrupt the integrity

Cell membrane

Where photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplast

Stacks of membranes

Grana

Liquid contents in chloroplasts

Stroma

Where metabolism occurs; nutrients in-->break them down-->make energy; "powerhouse"

Mitochondria

Finger-like projections

Cristae

The difference in solute concentration between 2 solutions

Concentration gradient

Movement of a solute across a surface

Diffusion

Movement of water across a surface

Osmosis

More molecules in motion with solutions with higher concentrations; makes it more likely to randomly move

Higher concentrations

Distance traveled/minute

Rate

Rate of diffusion is not greater, small cells have less distance to be covered

Efficiency

The organelles you cells need to perform life-critical functions must be kept INSIDE the cell; these organelles and other things that move across the membrane into and out of the cells are all MOLECULES; the structure or size of a molecule can limit the ability to move across; the structure results in channels, or "doorways" through which some molecules can pass and others cannot

Cell membrane

Some materials can pass through while others cannot

Semi-permeability

What does the dissolving

Solvent

What is dissolved, everything but water

Solute

The ability of water to move because of its free energy

Water potential

Potential for a substance to react or move

Free energy

Easier for water to move and cross barriers

High water potential

Harder for water to move and cross barriers

Low water potential

Describes a relationship between two solutions

Tonicity

More solute particles when compared to another solution

Hypertonic

The same number of solute particles when compared to another solution

Isotonic

Fewer solute particles when compared to another solution

Hypotonic

Pressure in the vacuole that pushes against the cell wall in plants; cell wall protects the plant cell from bursting due to the influx of water

Turgor pressure

Constructed in the rough ER; packaged by the golgi body; delivered where they need to go

Proteins

Help reactions happen faster; critical for biological processes like digestion, waster filtration, and metabolism

Catalysts

What are enzymes

Proteins

Energy needed to begin a reaction; enzymes decrease this; helpful when energy is not available in the environment, like heat

Activation energy

The molecules act are acted upon by an enzyme, the reactant; converted to products whether an enzyme is present or not, however, without enzymes, chemical reactions will slow down A LOT

Substrate

Specific region on the enzyme where the enzyme and substrate fit together

Active site

Non-protein molecule; a mineral ion or organic material; required by an enzyme in order to achieve its catalytic reaction; it is not consumed during the reaction

Cofactor

Cofactor for catalase

Iron

Alters the shape of the enzyme

Poisons

When every enzyme molecule is "occupied"

Point of saturation

Disruption of the shape of an enzyme molecule; like a warped or broken block; key no longer fits, so the reaction will no happen

Denaturation

A chain of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Primary structure

The folding or twisting of a polypeptide chain into a helix

Secondary structure

Bending and folding of a polypeptide after its secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Structure of a protein that is composed of 2 or more chains of polypeptides

Quaternary structure