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Lab 1020 > Units 5-8 Exam > Flashcards

Units 5-8 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Characterized by wavelength and is measured in nanometers (nm); energy from the sun radiates to earth as waves of light; light is then absorbed by the pigments inside the chloroplast; people and blue wavelengths (shortest) contain the most energy; red (longest) have the lowest amount of energy

A

The electromagnetic spectrum

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2
Q

3 possible fates for light encountering an object

A

Absorbed, reflected, transmitted

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3
Q

light is taken up by the object is encounters and is thus no longer visible. Only this can be used in photosynthesis

A

Absorbed

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4
Q

Light is not taken up by the object, it is the color you see because it goes back to your eyes

A

Reflected

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5
Q

Light passes through an object. If you can see through an object, then light also passed through

A

Transmitted

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6
Q

Each pigment’s energy absorption is illustrated in an _______

A

Absorption spectrum

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7
Q

Photosynthetic activity can be detected by measuring oxygen production in an ______

A

Action spectrum

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8
Q

Molecules within the chloroplast that absorb energy at specific wavelengths

A

Pigments

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9
Q

Main pigment, it gives chloroplasts their green color

A

Chlorophyll a

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10
Q

Absorb light energy and pass this energy on to chlorophyll a; although each pigment has its own absorption spectrum, all the pigments work together; allow the plant to utilize the full range of the visible light spectrum

A

Accessory pigments

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11
Q

An accessory green pigment

A

Chlorophyll b

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12
Q

Method of separating major plant pigments based on differential solubility

A

Chromatography

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13
Q

Carotenoids (yellow-orange)

A

top

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14
Q

Chlorophyll a (blue-green)

A

middle

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15
Q

Chlorophyll b (yellow-green)

A

Bottom

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16
Q

What is the most soluble on TLC strips: Top, middle, or bottom?

A

Top

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17
Q

Calculation for the Rf value for each pigment on the TLC strip

A

Rf=a/b

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18
Q

Plants harness light energy and convert it into usable energy (sugar); This occurs in the chloroplasts; Plants take in CO2, water, and light; and produce sugar and O2

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

Thin, waxy outer layer, protects inner parts of the leaf and prevents water loss through evaporation

A

Cuticle

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20
Q

Upper and lower surfaces of leaf (contain no chloroplasts), outermost layer, like your skin

A

Epidermis

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21
Q

In upper portion of leaf interior (contains many chloroplasts and is the site of most photosynthesis)–cells are vertically oriented to increase exposure to sunlight

A

Palisade layer

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22
Q

Lower portion of leaf interior (larger air spaces allow gasses to pass freely into/out of leaf interior), contain chloroplasts

A

Spongy layer

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23
Q

Guard cells and stomata

A

Leaf structure

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24
Q

Specialized epidermal cells, regulate opening and closing of stomata via osmosis

A

Guard cells

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25
Q

Tiny pores in the epidermis, surrounded by guard cells (when open, allows gas to enter the leaf)

A

Stomata

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26
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through this pathway

A

Stomata–>lower epidermis–>spongy layer–>palisade layer

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27
Q

Guard cells open and close the stomata by _______

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

Water moves into guard cells, causing the cells to swell; process happens during the day

A

Stomata opened

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29
Q

Water moves out of guard cells, causing the cells to shrivel; process happens at night

A

Stomata closed

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30
Q

Stoma opening

A

Hypotonic

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31
Q

Stoma closing

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

Metabolism in germinating plants

A

Embryo, endosperm

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33
Q

Developing organism, “baby” plant or animal

A

Embryo

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34
Q

Food source for developing plant embryo

A

Endosperm

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35
Q

Oxygen consumption rate equals?

A

Metabolic rate

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36
Q

Insect respiratory system

A

Spiracles, tracheae

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37
Q

The holes on the outside of the body in which air enters the tracheae, along the entirety of the body with many being on the thorax and abdomen

A

Spiracles

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38
Q

The tubes on the inside of the body, delivers oxygen directly to metabolizing cells and tissues, they are connecting to individual cells

A

Tracheae

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39
Q

Air sacs at the ends of bronchioles in the lungs, they are surrounded by capillaries

A

Alveoli

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40
Q

Tubes from the bronchi that lead to the alveoli

A

Bronchioles

41
Q

Tubes branching out from the tracheae that carry air into each lung

A

Bronchi

42
Q

Air tube leading from back of the mouth down the chest cavity, the windpipe

A

Trachea

43
Q

Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity, contraction of this muscle expands the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs

A

Diaphragm

44
Q

Flap at the top of the trachea that prevents food from entering or blocking the pathway of air to the lungs

A

Epiglottis

45
Q

Air flow pathway

A

Nose, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries

46
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downwards, increasing the volumes within the chest cavity; this reduces the air pressure within the lungs and allows oxygen to come rushing in

A

Breathing in

47
Q

When the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the chest cavity is reduced; this causes carbon dioxide to move out of the lungs

A

Breathing out

48
Q

Appearance of chromosomes; disappearance of the nuclear membrane; disappearance of the nucleolus; formation of spindle fibers and attachment of fibers to centromeres

A

Prophase

49
Q

Positioning of the chromosomes at the “equatorial plane”

A

Metaphase

50
Q

Separation of chromatids to opposite “poles”

A

Anaphase

51
Q

Disappearance of chromosomes; reappearance of the nucleolus; reappearance of the nuclear membrane

A

Telophase

52
Q

Longest to shortest phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, telophase, metaphase, anaphase

53
Q

A process of nuclear division; it takes place in a dividing cells and results in the formation of tow new nuclei, each having the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus

A

Mitosis

54
Q

The division of the cytoplasm into two masses. When this follows mitosis, the result is two cells, each with a nucleus. The two cells (“daughter” cells) are identical to one another and to the original cell

A

Cytokinesis

55
Q

Beginning the formation of a new cell wall between plant daughter cells; forms during telophase

A

Cell plate

56
Q

Constriction that forms around the middle of an animal cell, subdivides cytoplasm; begins to form during the anaphase stage of mitosis

A

Cleavage furrow

57
Q

The structure in the nucleus that contains genetic information

A

Chromosomes

58
Q

One of the 2 replicas of a duplicated chromosome, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome and are identical to each other

A

Chromatids

59
Q

Structure in a chromosome that joins replicated chromatids, spindle fibers attach here

A

Centromere

60
Q

Identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere

A

Sister chromatids

61
Q

Physically similar chromosomes that pair up during synapsis, one is inherited by the mother and the other by the father

A

Homologous chromosomes

62
Q

A picture of the chromosomal content of a species

A

Karyotype

63
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes present; contains homologous chromosome pairs; twice the genetic content of a haploid cell; the end product of mitosis; all the cells of your body, except the reproductive cells (gametes) are this; the same is true for nearly all other animals and many plants

A

Diploid

64
Q

Reduced chromosomal content; does not contain homologous pairs; half the genetic content of a diploid cell; the end product of meiosis; in most organisms, the only haploid cells are the gametes (sperm or egg cells)

A

Haploid

65
Q

Prophase I; synapsis; anaphase I; telophase I

A

Meiosis I

66
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. homologous chromosomes pair up with each other

A

Prophase I

67
Q

Pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis

A

Synapsis

68
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane

A

Metaphase I

69
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles; each chromosome is still duplicated (consists of 2 chromatids)

A

Anaphase I

70
Q

Two haploid nuclei form. Reduction of chromosome number is completed, but chromosome are still replicated

A

Telophase I

71
Q

Prophase II; metaphase II; anaphase II; telophase II

A

Meiosis II

72
Q

Looks the same as telophase I

A

Prophase II

73
Q

Chromosomes line up along equatorial plane

A

Metaphase II

74
Q

The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

75
Q

Four haploid nuclei result, each with only one copy of each chromosome

A

Telophase II

76
Q

2 types of meiosis for 2 different types of gametes

A

Gametogenesis

77
Q

Meiosis that produces sperm, creates 4 spermatozoa at the end of meiosis, enough the fertilize, 2 genetically different types are produced

A

Spermatogenesis

78
Q

Meiosis that produces egg cells, 1 daughter cell produced at the end of meiosis, all resources are put into that one

A

Oogenesis

79
Q

Alternate forms of a gene found on a chromosome, diploid organisms have 2 for each gene

A

Allele

80
Q

Big letter (B) at least one must be present for an organism to exhibit this phenotype

A

Dominant Allele

81
Q

Little letter (b) both recessive must be present for organism to exhibit this phenotype

A

Recessive Allele

82
Q

The genetic description of an individual (ex. BB,Bb,bb)

A

Genotype

83
Q

The physical appearance of an individual (ex. Blue, brown eyes)

A

Phenotype

84
Q

Individual with identical alleles (BB or bb)

A

Homozygous

85
Q

Individual with two different alleles (Bb)

A

Heterozygous

86
Q

A genetic cross for ONE TRAIT

A

Monohybrid cross

87
Q

A heterozygous individual who is “carrying” the recessive allele; ex. Aa

A

Carrier

88
Q

Homozygous; ex. AA,aa

A

True-breeding

89
Q

The offspring of the parental generation

A

F1

90
Q

The offspring of a cross of 2 F1 individuals

A

F2

91
Q

A monohybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a ____ phenotypic ratio

A

3:1

92
Q

A genetic cross of TWO TRAITS; Ex. eye color and hair type

A

Dihybrid cross

93
Q

A dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygotes always yields a _____ phenotypic ratio

A

9:3:3:1

94
Q

A cross between two true-breeding parents (AA x aa) yields what kind of offspring?

A

100% heterozygous offspring

95
Q

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes (Gg x Gg), there will always be what type of ratio?

A

3:1 phenotypic ratio

96
Q

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes (TtRr x TtRr), there will always be what type of ratio?

A

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

97
Q

Includes dominant and recessive offspring; ex. 3 children will exhibit the dominant phenotypes to every one child that exhibits the recessive phenotype

A

Ratio

98
Q
A

Lab 1020 (3 decks)

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