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Nat 5 Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in the first stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll. Water is broken down into oxygen, energy and hydrogen

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2
Q

What happens in stage two of photosynthesis?

A

NADP carries the hydrogen into the carbon fixation stage. Hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide to form glucose

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3
Q

Where does stage two of photosynthesis take place?

A

In the stroma

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4
Q

What is the name of stage two of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin cycle / carbon fixation

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5
Q

What substance is needed to drive stage two of photosynthesis?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What does the granum contain?

A

The pigments molecules/ chlorophyll

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7
Q

What can glucose be used for?

A

Starch, cellulose, proteins, converted into fats and oils

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8
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, light intensity, CO2 concentration

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9
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

light energy
CO2 + water ————> glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll

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10
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Two strands which form a double helix, each strand made from nucleotides

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11
Q

What are the base pairs of DNA?

A

A - T

G - C

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12
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Carries genetic information of an organism

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13
Q

What is DNA organised into?

A

Chromosomes which are millions of base pairs long

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14
Q

What is a section of base pairs called?

A

A gene

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15
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A protein

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16
Q

What are DNA and ribosomes linked by?

A

mRNA

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

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18
Q

Does osmosis require energy?

A

No, it is with the concentration gradient (passive transport)

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19
Q

If a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution what happens to it?

A

It shrinks and becomes plasmolysed

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20
Q

What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It swells and becomes turgid

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21
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It shrinks

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22
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It swells and bursts

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23
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

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24
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No, it is down concentration gradient

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25
Name an example of substances that can enter/leave cell through diffusion
Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide
26
Where does stage one of photosynthesis take place?
In the granum
27
What is the cell membrane made of?
Two layers that are selectively permeable. Proteins + a double lipid layer
28
What is in an animal cell?
Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria
29
What is in a plant cell?
Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall
30
What is in a fungal cell?
Cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall
31
What is in a bacteria cell?
Cell membrane, ribosomes, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmid, circular chromosome
32
What does the cell membrane do?
Regulates what can enter/leave cell
33
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cell's activities, passes genetic information from cell to cell
34
Where do cellular reactions take place?
Cytoplasm
35
What takes place in the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration and ATP production
36
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Ribosomes
37
What is a plasmid?
A small DNA molecule that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
38
What is active transport?
Movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration
39
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, it is against the concentration gradient
40
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains
41
What determines the shape and function of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
42
What two shapes can proteins be?
Fibrous or globular
43
Name a type of protein
Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, haemoglobin
44
How many stages is in mitosis?
6
45
What carries the genetic information of a cell?
Chromosomes in the nucleus
46
How many chromosomes does a single cell contain?
46 (23 pairs)
47
What enzymes made of?
Proteins
48
Name a biological catalyst?
Enzymes
49
What is the active site a specific shape for?
A substrate
50
The shape of an enzyme is determined by what?
Sequence of amino acids
51
What is a degradation reaction?
The break down of complex molecules into simpler ones
52
What a synthesis reaction?
Build up of complex molecules from simple ones
53
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH and supply of substrate
54
What happens when the factors of enzyme activity is too high or low?
Enzyme is denatured
55
What is respiration?
The process in which cells obtain energy
56
When does aerobic respiration occur?
When oxygen is available
57
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
When oxygen is not available
58
The energy released from respiration is used to synthesise what?
Molecules of ATP
59
What is ATP needed for?
Active transport, muscle contraction, cell division, protein synthesis
60
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
61
What is stage one of aerobic respiration called and where does it take place?
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
62
What happens in stage one of respiration?
Glucose is converted into pyruvate
63
What is the name of stage two of respiration and where does it take place?
Citric acid cycle in the mitochondria
64
In stage two of respiration, what is oxygen converted into?
Carbon dioxide
65
Is oxygen needed for stage two of respiration?
Yes
66
What is the name of stage three of respiration and where does it take place?
Cytochrome system in the cristae
67
How many molecules of ATP is produced as a final product?
38
68
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -----> CO2 + water + energy
69
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose lactic acid + energy
70
How is the lactic acid removed in your body?
By paying back oxygen dept (recovery time)
71
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
Glucose ------> ethanol + CO2 + energy
72
Where does anaerobic respiration in plants take place?
Cytoplasm
73
Give an example of a enzyme breakdown reaction
amylase | Starch ----------> maltose
74
Give an example of an enzyme synthesis reaction
phosphorylase | Glucose-1-phosphate -----------------> starch

Nat 5 Biology (3 decks)

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