Unit 2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Cells group together to form what?
A
Tissues
2
Q
Tissues form what?
A
Organs
3
Q
How to stem cells reproduce?
A
Through mitosis
4
Q
What is the function of an adult stem cell?
A
To repair and replace damaged cells
5
Q
Where does growth in plants take place?
A
Meristems
6
Q
Where are meristems found in plants?
A
Tips of growing shoots and roots
7
Q
Where is an apical meristem found?
A
Root tips
8
Q
Where are lateral meristems found?
A
Surrounds stem of plant
9
Q
What does the central nervous system consist of?
A
The brain and spinal cord
10
Q
What are some of the main functions of the nervous system?
A
Send information, co ordinate workings of internal organs, respond to stimuli on the outside
11
Q
What is the role of the sensory receptors?
A
To send information about what is happening inside and out to the CNS
12
Q
What is the role of the cerebrum in the brain?
A
Enables conscious thought and memory
13
Q
What is the role of the cerebellum in the brain?
A
Controls coordination and balance
14
Q
What is the role of the medulla in the brain?
A
Controls breathing and heart rate
15
Q
What is a reflex?
A
An unconscious action such as pulling away from a hot object
16
Q
What is your reflex arc?
A
A simple pathway for the reflex action and is made up of three neurons
17
Q
What are the three neurons that makes up the reflex arc?
A
Sensory neuron, reflex neuron and motor neuron
18
Q
What is the role of the sensory neuron?
A
It carries information from a receptor to a relay neuron
19
Q
What is the role of a relay neuron?
A
It connects a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
20
Q
What is the job of a motor neuron?
A
Carries information to an effector (a muscle or gland)
21
Q
What are the gaps between neurons called?
A
Synapses
22
Q
Has the exocrine system got a faster or slower response compared to the nervous system?
A
Slower
23
Q
What is controlled by the endocrine system?
A
Hormonal control
24
Q
In the endocrine system, what releases hormones into the blood stream?
A
Endocrine glands
25
What is the name of cells sensitive to hormones?
Target tissues
26
What molecule is the only source of energy for brain cells?
Glucose
27
What is the definition of multicellular?
An organism made up of many cells
28
After eating is the level of glucose high or low?
High
29
What is excess glucose stored in the form of and where?
Glycogen in the liver
30
What helps to promote the conversion of glucose to glycogen?
Insulin produced in the pancreas
31
The hormone glucagon helps to convert what substance?
Glycogen back into glucose
32
What causes diabetes?
When someone unable to control blood sugar levels dues to problems producing insulin
33
What does diploid mean?
A cell that has a double set of chromosomes
34
What does haploid mean?
A cell that has a single set of chromosomes
35
What are gametes and where are the produced?
Sex cells, produced in structures called gonads
36
Where is sperm produced?
In the testes
37
What is produced in the ovaries?
Eggs or ova
38
What is fertilisation?
When a male and female gamete fuse to form a zygote
39
Where does fertilisation in animals take place?
In the oviduct
40
In plants, what is the female gamete called and where is it produced?
Ovules, produced in the ovary
41
In plants, what is the male gamete and where is it produced?
Pollen grains, formed in the anther
42
To reach the ovule, what does the pollen grain have to grow?
A pollen tube
43
Where does fertilisation happen in plants?
Inside the ovule
44
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen in plants
45
What is variation?
Differences within the same species
46
What is discrete variation?
When feature can be divided into two or more groups (eg - eye colour)
47
What is continuous variation?
When a feature has a wide range of values (eg - height)
48
What is the definition of polygenic?
When something is controlled by more than one gene (continuous variation is polygenic)
49
What is the definition of monogenic?
When something is controlled by only one gene (discrete variation)
50
What is phenotype?
The physical appearance of an organism
51
What is a way of recoding patterns in inheritance?
A family tree
52
What is albinism?
A condition that results in a lack of skin pigmentation
53
What is genetic counselling?
When people get advice from family trees
54
What is inheritance?
How characteristics are passed on from one generation to another
55
What are characteristics controlled by?
Genes
56
Genes can exist in different forms called what?
Alleles
57
What does dominant mean?
When one gene masks the other
58
What is homozygous?
Two same forms of a gene (BB)
59
What is heterozygous?
When it is two different forms of a gene (Bb)
60
What is meant by genotype?
Genetic characteristics of an organism
61
What is the transpiration stream?
The movement of water from the roots to the leaves
62
What is transpiration?
The loss of water by evaporation
63
Where does transpiration take place?
Through openings in the leaves called stomata
64
What controls the opening and closing of stomata?
Guard cells
65
Where are stomata found?
On the surface layers of the leaf or upper and lower epidermis
66
What is the upper epidermis covered in?
A waxy layer called the cuticle
67
What does the cuticle layer on a leaf help to do?
Cut down on water loss
68
What does the palisade layer consist of?
Tall cylindrically-shaped cells packed with chloroplasts
69
What is the spongy mesophyll layer of a leaf?
Layers of green cells which take in CO2 and gives out oxygen during photosynthesis
70
Water enters the leaf by what process and where?
Osmosis through root hair cells
71
What is the role of the xylem in a plant?
Helps to transport water up the plant
72
What does the xylem contain to support the plant?
Lignin
73
What is role of the phloem in a plant?
Transports sugar and other nutrients to all parts of the plant
74
Is energy needed to drive transpiration?
No only sunlight
75
Why can't organisms carry out diffusion?
As it gets bigger, surface area to volume ration gets smaller
76
What is the circulatory system?
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to body and removes CO2
77
What makes up the circulatory system?
Heart and vessels
78
How many chambers are in the heart?
Four
79
What are the two upper chamber of the heart called?
Atria
80
What are the two lower chamber of the heart called?
Ventricles
81
Which chambers of the heart receives blood?
Atria
82
Which chambers of the heart discharge blood?
Ventricles
83
What to valves do?
Ensure there is no back flow of blood
84
Blood flows into the heart through what?
Veins
85
Blood flows out of the heart through what?
Arteries
86
What are capillaries?
Very thin, connects arteries and veins, large surface area for diffusion
87
What is blood made up of?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
88
What feature helps the red blood cell do its job?
Bi-concave in shape, no nucleus. Extra space to carry oxygen
89
What is haemoglobin?
A carrier molecule that's combines oxygen in the lungs
90
What does the white blood cells do?
Helps to fight infections
91
What does plasma in the blood do?
Dissolves CO2
92
What do platelets in the blood do?
Helps to clot blood
93
What takes place in the lungs?
The exchange of oxygen and CO2
94
What lines the trachea and why?
Cilia, moves germs and dirt up and out of the lungs
95
What helps to keep the trachea open?
Incomplete rings of cartilage
96
What is mucus and what is its role?
A sticky substance that traps dust and germs
97
What is at the end of the bronchioles?
Alveoli
98
What takes place in the alveoli?
Where gas exchange takes place, thin walled and huge surface area
99
Blood flows through the lungs through what?
Capillaries
100
How is air moved in and out of the lungs?
The diaphragm contracting
101
Why is food broken down in the mouth?
To expose a larger surface area for enzymes to act on
102
What is the oesophagus?
A tube to the stomach
103
What movement helps to push food down the oesophagus?
Waves of peristalsis
104
What is in saliva to help break down starch into maltose?
Amylase
105
What does the liver do?
Removes toxins and produces bile
106
Which body part absorbs nutrients in food?
Small intestines
107
What is the role of the large intestine?
Removes water from fecal matter
108
What is the lining of the small intestine covered in?
Villi
109
Why is the villi in the lining of the small intestine?
Increases surface area for absorption
110
What is in the centre of each villus and what does it do?
A lacteal, absorbs end products which are fatty acids and glycerol
111
What is the name of the fluid that connects the lacteal with the secondary transport system?
Lymph
112
What does nicotine do the human body?
Causes arteries to narrow. Increases blood pressure
113
Name two lung diseases caused by smoking
Bronchitis and emphysema
114
What disease will result if a person is iron deficient?
Anaemia
115
Why are fat rich diets bad for the human body?
It can create deposits in blood vessels which can restrict blood flow
116
What organs can long term use of alcohol damage?
Liver, stomach and kidneys
