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SPAA 161 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscular Tissue

Striated

A

under a microscope it looks striped, skeletal muscles (muscles that move bones) voluntary tissue (somatic)

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2
Q

Muscular Tissue

Smooth

A

around organs, involuntary parts, digestive track, blood vessels; sheet, flat looking in microscope

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3
Q

Muscular Tissue

Cardiac

A

tissue for the heart, autonomic, don’t control it, looks like a net upon inspection, combination of striated and smooth tissue in appearance and function

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4
Q

Nervous tissue

Neurons

A

passage way of the nerve ending getting the signal from the brain to the body, transferors of information- voluntary

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

Glial cells

A

nutrient transfer and the blood brain barrier

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6
Q

Fibrous (Ellipsoid) joint

A

little to no movement (like in skull)

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7
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

joins two bones (like between ribcage and sternum)

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8
Q

Synovial

A

movable between two bones (like in knee) contain synovial fluid as a lubrication
-types include
arthrodial
-gliding synovial joint that has flat surfaces
spheroid (cotyloid)
-reciprocal joints
-one surface flat, one concave (shoulder)

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9
Q

Bone is formed from cartilage

A

-babies start with a lot more cartilage and they develop into harder bones

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10
Q

agonist

A

prime mover (contractor)

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11
Q

antagonist

A

opposes the movement (extender)

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12
Q

origin

A

where it starts

least area of muscle movement

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13
Q

insertion

A
  • where the muscle goes to

- greatest area of muscle movement

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14
Q

synergists

A

stabilizes (ex. core muscles)

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15
Q

fixator

A

stabilizes the structure

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16
Q

isometric

A

-muscle contraction that does not produce a lot of movement

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17
Q

unique muscle factors

A

can contract 1/3 to ½ of their original length
bigger the muscle the lager contraction
muscle tissues can contract
-has excitability (innervated by nerves and electrical impulses)
-extensibility (they stretch)
-elasticity (snap back)
muscle diameter is directly related to strength

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18
Q

4 functions of muscle tissue

A
  • provide movement
  • open and close passageways (sphincter)
  • maintain and stabilize joints
  • generate heat
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19
Q

Speech Systems

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulatory
Resonance

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20
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gas between and organism and its environment
You speak on exhalation
Remind respiratory patients in through the nose out through the mouth
Slows heart rate
Oxygen in co2 out
Need 90% or better oxygen content in blood (healthy people have 98%and better)
Function: to provide oxygen, eliminate carbon, regulate blood flow, and driving source for phonation, Swallowing control so you can eat safely
Breathing is going to win over eating every time, that is why people with breathing problems aspirate

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21
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

As the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within decreases
Pressure: the force distributed over area
Negative pressure: will cause air to equalize
Positive pressure: molecules are closer together
Inspiration vs expiration is all about equalizing pressure between the inside and outside
Goal air to flow into lungs and equalize pressure
Pg 51

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22
Q

Pneumonia is more prevalent in the

A

right side because the bronchial tube more naturally flows into the right where as it turns hard into the left, so it is easier for liquids to move into the right side.

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23
Q

foramen

A

referring to a hole in the body for a nerve or blood vessel to pass through

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24
Q

facet

A

face of the bone “biggest part”

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25
visceral pleura
Around each lung you have sac called visceral pleura it is a lining around the lung that allows for smooth transition and smooth movement.
26
Alveolus
microscopic air sacs that allow the gas exchange in the lung Thin permeable membrane Tiniest particles of the lungs
27
Three levels of breathing
clavicular thoracic Abdominal
28
clavicular breathing
-shallow breathing
29
thoracic breathing
-Involves part of the mid section, the thorax
30
Abdominal breathing
- the deepest breathing - most control, most air use, less stress, effort - engaging core - place hand on stomach to test if it moves
31
engaged during inspiration
Thorax Neck Muscles Muscles of thorax, back, and upper limb
32
MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION - Diaphragm
connected to the spine and pelvis -Pulls down and out during inhalation Up and backward movement of the rib primary muscle of inspiration *separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities *muscle fibers radiate from the central tendon to the vertebrae *important part, central tendon, in the middle of the “bowl” it pulls out in every direction, diaphragm itself does not move it depends on the tendons attached to it
33
crura
the points at the bottom that are affixed to the spine the heart is right above the central tendon; it is the floor to the heart phrenic nerve the main innovator of the diaphragm, not a cranial nerve, strait out of the brainstem (aggravation= the cause of hiccups) automatic and somatic control when you breath it is a vertical expansion and an outward expansion
34
inhalation ACCESSORY OF THORAX Anterior muscles
External intercostals Interchondral portion internal (internal intercostal) starts on the bottom rib and connects to the one above it contracts to get rib elevation on inspiration active on inhalation** in green on picture
35
inhalation ACCESSORY OF THORAX Posterior muscles
``` Levatores costarum (brevis and longis) Serratus posterior superior ```
36
inhalation NECK muscles
Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes *primary for neck movement helps to elevate sternum for breathing if they turn to the “bad” side eating gets better
37
THORAX, BACK, UPPER LIMB- movement during inhalation
``` Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior Subclavius Levator scapulae Rhomboideus major Rhomboideus minor Trapezius ```
38
Expiration
Active expiration requires muscles to indirectly “squeeze” the air out Achieved in two ways: rib cage expands, vertically and backwards Contraction of the core Internal intercostal pulls everything back into place
39
Expiration | MUSCLES OF THE THORAX, BACK AND UPPER LIMB
``` Anterior: (pulls ribs down) Internal intercostal Transversus thoracis Posterior Subcostal Serratus posterior inferior Innermost intercostal Latissimus dorsi ```
40
Expiration | ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
``` Transversus abdominis Internal oblique abdominis External oblique abdominis Rectus abdominis Quadratus lumborum ```
41
Expiration | MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
Internal intercostal Transversus thoracis Innermost intercostals External costals *Pulling down is also called depressing of the rib cage latissimus dorsi- helps to keep the chest stable auscultate- getting a stethoscope and listening
42
transverse
top and bottom half
43
coronal
front and back half
44
sagittal
right and left half
45
superior
above
46
inferior
below
47
medial
toward midline (middle)
48
lateral
further away from midline
49
proximal
closer to something (closest to)
50
distal
farthest away from something
51
external
outside of structure
52
internal
inside of structure
53
prone
person is laying flat, face down
54
supine
person is laying down, face up
55
flexion
extend and point or flex and draw (foot) muscles can only contract, tighten and shorten
56
hyperextension backbend
--hyperextend spine (can hyperextend the neck)
57
ipsilateral
same
58
contralateral
opposite
59
4 tissue types
Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous
60
Epithelial tissue | Squamous
single layer of flat cells, lines blood vessels, heart, aveline of lungs
61
Cuboidal
cubed shape in any structure that secrets something (thyroid)
62
Epithelial tissue | Columnar
cylinder shape cells in stomach, intestine, gull bladder and bioducts
63
Epithelial tissue | ciliated
cilindrical cell with hair fibers in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and brocial tubes
64
Connective tissue | Areolar elastic
supports organs between muscles
65
Connective tissue | Adipose fat cells
lies between muscles and organs
66
Connective tissue | White fibrous
strong fiber/dense; closely packs between ligaments and bone
67
Connective tissue | yellow elastic
allows for recoil, stretching/ getting back into original state
68
Connective tissue | cartilage
firm yet flexible
69
Connective tissue | blood
comes in white and red cells--white blood cells fight infectiions; platal, plasma
70
Connective tissue | bone
hardes/firmest; can break bones and grow them back

SPAA 161 (5 decks)

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