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Biology Term 1 2017 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce in order to produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

What is a genus?

A

A genus is a group of species that are closely related.

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3
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

An internationally agreed system in which the name of an organism is made up of its genus and its species (note that the first letter of the genus must be a capital, ex Homo sapiens).

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4
Q

What does binomial mean?

A

Two names

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5
Q

Why is it important to classify organisms?

A
  1. In order to organise them
  2. To identify those most a risk of extinction so strategies can be put in place to preserve those species
  3. To understand evolutionary relationships
  4. Many of our present day drugs are derived from plants
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6
Q

What is classification traditionally based on the studies of?

A

Morphology (the study of the form and outward appearance of organisms) and Anatomy (the study of the internal structure of organisms (through dissection)).

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7
Q

Who was the first person to attempt to classify organisms based on morphology and anatomy?

A

Aristotle, he classified animals into those with blood and those without it.

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8
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

A sequence of bases.

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9
Q

What is cladistics?

A

The process of biological classification which involves organisms being grouped together based on whether they have one or more shared characteristics from the groups last common ancestor.

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10
Q

What is included in the Whittaker five-kingdom scheme?

A
  1. Animals
  2. Plants
  3. Fungus
  4. Prokaryote
  5. Protoctist
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11
Q

What organism is not included in any kingdom?

A

Viruses, they are not considered to be living.

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12
Q

What is the three-domain scheme?

A
  • A scheme which involves grouping organisms together based on differences in ribosomal RNA structure.
  • There are three domains and six kingdoms under this scheme.
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13
Q

What are the three domains in the three-domain scheme?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Eukarya
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14
Q

What are the six kingdoms under the three-domain scheme?

A
  1. Animal
  2. Plant
  3. Fungus
  4. Eubacteria
  5. Archaebacteria
  6. Protoctist
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15
Q

What was the name of the old classification scheme what was it’s problems?

A

The Linnaeus scheme, it was made up of the animal and plant kingdom. However, problems arose when scientist tried to classify fungi, bacteria and single celled organisms under this scheme.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis.

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17
Q

What is an animal?

A

Animals are multicellular organisms which have no cell walls or chloroplasts. Most animals ingest solid food and digest it internally.

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18
Q

What is/are the group/s making up a kingdom called?

A

A phylum (plural is a phyla).

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19
Q

What is included in the arthropod phylum?

A
  1. Crustacea
  2. Insects
  3. Arachnids (spiders and mites)
  4. Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
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20
Q

What are all organisms without a vertebral column typically called (not a natural group)?

A

Invertebrates.

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21
Q

What do all arthropods have?

A
  1. A cuticle.

2. Segmented bodies, between these segments there are flexible joints which permit movement.

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22
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A hard, firm external skeleton.

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23
Q

What are the three main regions in most arthropods?

A

The head, thorax and abdomen.

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24
Q

What do crustacea have?

A
  1. Two pairs of antennae (these are sensitive to touch and chemicals).
  2. Compound eyes.
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25
Q

What are compound eyes?

A
  • Compound eyes are eyes which are made up of 10’s or 100’s of separate lenses with sensitive light cells beneath.
  • They are able to form a crude image and they are very sensitive to movement.
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26
Q

What do insects have?

A
  • Insects have a segmented body (a head, thorax and abdomen region)
  • An exoskeleton
  • Compound eyes
  • Typically two pairs of wings
27
Q

How do insects differ from arthropods?

A
  • They have one paie of antennae
  • They have three pairs of legs
  • There are no limbs on the abdominal segments
28
Q

What are some examples of arachnids?

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites and ticks.

29
Q

What regions are arachnids divided into?

A

The cephalothorax (has four legs on it) and the abdomen.

30
Q

What are pedipalps used for?

A

Reproduction.

31
Q

What are chelicerae used for?

A

To pierce prey and paralyse it with a poison secreted by a gland at the base.

32
Q

What type and how many eyes do arachnids have?

A

Several pairs of simple eyes.

33
Q

What are some common characteristics of myriapods?

A
  • They have a head and a segmented body which is not obviously divided into a thorax or abdomen.
  • One pair of antennae and simple eyes
  • Typically a pair of legs on each segment.
  • As a myriapod grows, additional segments are formed.
34
Q

What is a difference between centipedes and millipedes (apart from number of legs)?

A

Centipedes are carnivorous while millipedes feed on vegetable matter.

35
Q

How many legs do crustaceans have?

A

Five or more pairs of legs.

36
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

Vertebrates are animals which have a vertebral column.

37
Q

How many segments is the thorax of a myriapod?

A

Typically only four segments.

38
Q

How many pairs of wings do insects have?

A

Usually two pairs.

39
Q

How many pairs of antennae do insects have?

A

Typically one pair of antennae.

40
Q

How many pairs of antennae do myriapods have?

A

Typically one pair of antennae.

41
Q

What are the five classes of vertebrates?

A

Fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals.

42
Q

Which vertebrates are poikilothermic (cold-blooded)?

A

Fish, amphibia and reptiles.

43
Q

What does poikilothermic (cold-blooded) and homoiothermic (warm-blooded) mean?

A

Poikilothermic is where an animals body temperature is variable and homoiothermic is where an animals body temperature is constant.

44
Q

What is the main advantage of a homoiothermic animal over a poikilothermic one?

A

A homoiothermic animal’s activity is not dependent on the surrounding temperature. Eg. A lizard may become sluggish if the surrounding temperature falls. This normally becomes a disadvantage when a homoiothermic predator whose speed and reactions are not affected by the surrounding temperature chases a poikilothermic animal whose reactions are affected by the temperature.

45
Q

What are the body coverings of the five classes of vertebrates?

A 
Fish
-scales usually
Amphibia
-moist skin usually 
Reptiles
-dry skin with scales usually
Birds
-feathers, with scales on legs usually
Mammals
-fur usually
46
Q

How do the five vertebrates typically move?

A 
Fish
-fins (also used for balance)
Amphibia
-four limbs, back feet are webbed normally to make swimming more efficient
Reptiles
-four legs usually (apart from snakes) and usually five toes.
Birds
-two wings and two legs 
Mammals
-Four limbs usually
47
Q

How do the five vertebrates typically reproduce?

A

Fish
-produce jelly-covered eggs in water usually
Amphibia
-produce jelly covered eggs in water usually
Reptiles
-produce eggs with a rubbery, waterproof shell usually. These eggs are usually laid on land.
Birds
-produce eggs with a hard shell usually that are typically laid on land
Mammals
-mammal usually produce live young.

48
Q

What are the sense organs of the five vertebrates?

A 
Fish
-eyes usually
-lateral line along body for detecting vibrations in water usually
-note: they don't have ears usually
Amphibia
-eyes usually
-ears usually
Reptiles
-eyes usually
-ears usually
Birds
-eyes usually
-ears usually
Mammals
-eyes usually
-ears (mammals ears typically have pinna (external flaps)).
49
Q

Which of the five vertebrates are poikilothermic or homoiothermic?

A 
Fish
-poikilothermic
Amphibia
-poikilothermic
Reptiles
-poikilothermic
Birds
-homoiothermic 
Mammals
-homoiothermic
50
Q

How do the five vertebrates breath?

A 
Fish
-gills for breathing usually
Amphibia
-lungs AND skin for breathing usually
Reptiles
-lungs for breathing usually
Birds
-lungs for breathing usually
Mammals
-lungs for breathing usually
51
Q

What is a feature that distinguishes birds from the other four vertebrates?

A

Birds usually have a beak.

52
Q

What is a feature that distinguishes mammals from the other four vertebrates?

A
  • Female mammals usually have mammary glands to produce milk to feed young.
  • Mammals usually have four types of teeth.
53
Q

How does fertilisation occur in the five vertebrates?

A 
Fish
-
Amphibia
-
Reptiles
-
Birds
-
Mammals
-
54
Q

How do reptiles usually warm up?

A

Reptiles usually warm up by basking in the sun until their body temperature warms up.

55
Q

What happens when a reptile warms up?

A

When reptiles warm up, usually they can move about rapidly in pursuit of prey.

56
Q

What is the Archaea domain?

A

The Archaea domain contains ancient prokaryotic organisms which do not have a nucleus surrounded by an independent membrane. They have an independent evolutionary history to other bacteria and their biochemistry is very different to other forms of life.

57
Q

What is the Eubacteria domain?

A

Eubacteria are prokaryotic organisms which do not have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane. They have a different evolutionary history to Archaea.

58
Q

What is the Eukarya domain?

A

The Eukarya domain contains organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus.

59
Q

What kingdoms is the Eukarya domain further subdivided into?

A

The Eukarya domain is further subdivided into Protoctists, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

60
Q

Give examples of Coelenterates.

A

Some Coelenterates may be coral, sea anemones and jellyfish.

61
Q

Give examples of Annelids.

A

An example of an Annelid may be an earthworm. Annelids are segmented worms.

62
Q

Give examples of some Molluscs.

A

Some examples of Molluscs may be snails, slugs, mussels and octopuses.

63
Q

Give some examples of Echinoderms.

A

Some examples of Echinoderms may be star fish and sea urchins.

Biology Term 1 2017 (10 decks)

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