Unit 2

Question 1

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 1

The cytoplasm consists of cytosol (cell fluid) and organelles (specialised structures that carry out metabolic activities of a cell. The cytoplasm is about 90% water.

Question 2

What is a longitudinal section?

Answer 2

Where a thin section of a plant is cut lengthwise.

Question 3

What is a transverse section?

Answer 3

Where a thin section is cut across a plant (like a cross-section).

Question 4

What are sections?

Answer 4

Thin slices of something.

Question 5

What structures do the cytoplasms of all cells contain?

Answer 5

Ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles.

Question 6

What do all cells except prokaryotes contain?

Answer 6

Almost all cells except for prokaryotes contain mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 7

What occurs in mitochondria?

Answer 7

Aerobic respiration.

Question 8

What do cells with high rates of metabolism require?

Answer 8

They require many mitochondria.

Question 9

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 9

To contain and support organelles.

Question 10

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 10

To prevent the cell contents from escaping and to control what substances enter and leave the cell.

Question 11

What are the functions of the cell nucleus?

Answer 11

To control cell division, cell development and cell activities.

Question 12

What are the functions of the cell walls in plant cells?

Answer 12

To help the plant keep its shape, to prevent plant cells from bursting and to allow salts and water to pass through.

Question 13

What are the functions of vacuoles in plant cells?

Answer 13

To store salts and sugars and help keep plant cells firm.

Question 14

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Answer 14

To trap light energy.

Question 15

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 15

It is an organelle which produces, transports and stores proteins.

Question 16

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 16

They build up proteins (protein synthesis).

Question 17

Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?

Answer 17

They can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm.

Question 18

What are mitochondria?

Answer 18

Organelles which produce energy from respiration.

Question 19

What is tissue?

Answer 19

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function.

Question 20

What is an organ?

Answer 20

An organ is a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific function.

Question 21

What is an organ system?

Answer 21

An organ system is a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform a body function.

Question 22

What do ciliated cells do?

Answer 22

They form the lining of the nose and windpipe and create a stream of fluid (mucus) which carries dust and bacteria through the bronchi and trachea, away from the lungs.

Question 23

How do ciliated cells structure relate to their function?

Answer 23

Ciliated cells have cilia which are in continual flicking movement, this creates a stream of mucus which carries dust and bacteria away from the lungs.

Question 24

What do root hair cells do?

Answer 24

They absorb water and mineral salts from the soil, the cell membrane can also regulate what dissolved substances enter the cell.

Question 25

How do root hair cells’ structures relate to their function?

Answer 25

The root hair penetrates between soil particles and has a large absorbing surface.

Question 26

What do xylem vessels do?

Answer 26

They transport mineral ions from the roots to leaves. A substance called lignin impregnates and thickens the cell walls making the cells very strong and impregnable. Xylem vessels are formed by joining long xylem cells end to end.

Question 27

What are palisade mesophyll cells and how does their structure relate to their function?

Answer 27

They are cells found underneath the upper epidermis of a plant leaf. They are quite long and packed with chloroplasts to trap light energy. They make food for a plant through photosynthesis.

Question 28

What are nerve cells and how does their structure relate to their function?

Answer 28

Nerve cells are specialised for conducting electrical impulses along fibres. The fibres are often very long. Chemical reactions cause the impulses to travel along the fibre.

Question 29

What are red blood cells and how does their structure relate to their function?

Answer 29

Disk like cells which contain a red pigment called haemoglobin. Their function is to transport oxygen around the body. A noticeable feature is that they have to nucleus.

Question 30

What are sperm cells and how does their structure relate to their function?

Answer 30

They are male sex cells and the front of the cell contains nucleus which carries genetic information. The function of sperm cells is for reproduction. They have an acrosome which secretes enzymes that digest the cells around an egg cell and they have a tail which moves with whip like action to propel the sperm cell. Also the tail is packed with mitochondria.

Question 31

What is an egg cell?

Answer 31

Egg cells have a nucleus which carries genetic information. The function of an egg cell is reproduction. They have a large amount of cytoplasm containing yolk droplets made up of protein and fat.

Question 32

How is magnification calculated?

Answer 32

Image/actual size of object