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Biology Term 1 2017 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is carbon important in biological molecules?

A

Carbon is an element present in all biological molecules.

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2
Q

Why can biological molecules be very large?

A

Because carbon atoms can form chains or ring structures, biological molecules can be very large.

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3
Q

What are large biological molecules called?

A

Macromolecules.

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4
Q

What elements are always present in a biological molecule?

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are always present in a biological molecule.

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5
Q

What are macromolecules also called?

A

Polymers.

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6
Q

What is a compound containing carbon called?

A

An organic molecule.

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7
Q

What are polymers made up of?

A

Smaller repeating units, these are called Monomers.

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8
Q

What do carbohydrates ONLY contain?

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are the simplest unit of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down any further.

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10
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are sugars which have two carbon rings.

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides.

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12
Q

What are plastids?

A

Organelles in plant cells which are sites where molecules are stored and produced.

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13
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble in water?

A

No.

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14
Q

What are three examples of polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
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15
Q

What elements are lipids made of ONLY?

A

Lipids ONLY consist of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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16
Q

What is a molecule of fat made of?

A

Three molecules of an organic acid, called a fatty acid, combined with one molecule of glycerol.

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17
Q

Where are lipids usually found?

A

Lipids usually form part of the cell membrane and internal membranes of a cell. Eg. The nuclear membrane.

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18
Q

Out of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, which stores the most energy?

A

Lipids.

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19
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Hydrophobic solvents. Lipids ARE NOT soluble in water.

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20
Q

What are the main functions of lipids?

A
  1. Long term energy storage.
  2. Protection against heat loss (they insulate).
  3. Protection against physical shock.
  4. Protection against water loss.
  5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
  6. Major component of cell membranes (this type of lipid is called phosphilipids).
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21
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Structural proteins and enzymes.

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22
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes control and speed up the chemical reactions the keep cells alive.

23
Q

Which elements do proteins always contain?

A

Proteins all contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sometimes they contain sulfur.

24
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids.

25
Q

What are amino acids bonded together by?

A

Peptide bonds.

26
Q

What are the main functions of proteins?

A
  1. Storage
  2. Transport
  3. Regulatory
  4. Movement
  5. Structural
  6. Enzymes
27
Q

How do plants obtain their vitamins?

A

Plants can make vitamins.

28
Q

How do animals obtain vitamins?

A

They have to obtain them ready-made.

29
Q

What is water used as in a cell?

A

Water is used as a solvent and allows many substances to move about the cell possibly.

30
Q

What is synthesis and conversion in cells?

A

Cells are able to build up (synthesise) or break down and convert their proteins, lipids and carbohydrates to one another. Cells can also do other things, for example, in animal cells, cells can synthsise glycogen from glucose.

31
Q

At what temperature will proteins usually denature?

A

At over temperatures of 50°C.

32
Q

What is it meant when a protein denatures?

A

The protein has lost the shape of it’s molecules therefore the protein will have lost it’s original properties. Eg. When egg white (the protein albumen) is heated it will change from clear to white and cannot be converted back.

33
Q

What is a DNA molecule made up of?

A

A DNA molecule is made up of long chains of nucleotides, formed into two strands.

34
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar molecule joined to a phosphate group (-PO3) and an organic molecule.

35
Q

What is the type of sugar in a DNA molecule?

A

Deoxyribose.

36
Q

What are the four possible organic bases in a DNA molecule?

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Thymine (T)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Guanine (G)
    Note: you will have to be able to state the letters of these organic bases in an exam.
37
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

There are about 20 different types of amino acids.

38
Q

How is the shape of a protein determined?

A

The chain of amino acids in a protein take a particular shape due to cross-linkages.

39
Q

What are cross-linkages?

A

Cross-linkages are bonds that form between amino acids that are not neighbours.

40
Q

Why is the shape of a protein molecule important?

A

In an enzyme the shape of protein molecule determines the shape of the active site which has a complementary shape to the substrate molecule on which it acts.

41
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins produced by a type white blood cells which are called lymphocytes.

42
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

Each antibody has a binding site which locks onto specific pathogens such as bacteria.

43
Q

What are antigens?

A

Pathogens have antigens on their surface which antibodies can lock onto, the antigens and the antibodies need to be complementary.

44
Q

What happens when a protein denatures?

A

The cross-linkages are broken which causes it to lose it’s shape.

45
Q

Which organic base will adenine always pair with?

A

Adenine (A) will always pair with thymine (T).

46
Q

Which organic base will cytosine always pair with?

A

Cytosine (C) will always pair with guanine (G).

47
Q

What are nucleotides joined by?

A

Nucleotides are joined by their phosphate groups.

48
Q

What is plasma?

A

A substance that is about 92% water and acts as a transport medium.

49
Q

What does plasma do?

A

It acts as a medium of transport, that is, it carries many dissolved substances. These substances may be things like: carbon dioxide, urea, digested food, and hormones. Blood cells travel through the body in the plasma.

50
Q

What role does water play in excretion in animals?

A

It acts as a powerful solvent and dilutes the toxicity of excretory substances.

51
Q

What important role does water play in plants?

A

It acts a medium of transport and carries substances in the xylem and phloem vessels.

52
Q

What elements are present in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

53
Q

What elements are present in proteins?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur or phosphorus.

54
Q

What monomer are all carbohydrates made up of?

A

Glucose.

Biology Term 1 2017 (10 decks)

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