Unit 1 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Define primordial germ cell
A
cells formed in early embryonic development and are precursors to oogonia and spermatogonia
2
Q
How do cervical vertebrae differ from thoracic vertebrae?
A
- smaller body
- has a foramen transversarium
- smaller spinous process that bifurcates at the tip
3
Q
Which vertebrae does not have a body?
A
Atlas (C1)
4
Q
Which vertebra has the most prominent spinous process of the cervical vertebrae?
A
Vertebra prominens (C7)
5
Q
What is a characteristic of the Axis (C2) vertebra?
A
It has dens = which is the “body” of C1 that has fused to C2 during development.
6
Q
What are some characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
A
- Large body
- broad spinous process
- no transverse costal facets for ribs to connect
- spines of lumbar vertebrae do not overlap like in thoracic vertebrae
7
Q
What are characteristics of the sacrum?
A
It is 5 fused vertebrae with no spines and no transverse processes
The intervertebral foramena are anterior/posterior related rather than medial/lateral
8
Q
Describe the coccyx
A
- Small triangular bone
- formed from 4 fused rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae
9
Q
What bones form the orbital margin?
A
zygomatic, frontal, maxillary, lacrimal
10
Q
Which bones make up the Pterion?
A
junction of the frontal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and squamous part of temporal bone
11
Q
What is the nasion?
A
junction between frontal and nasal bones
12
Q
What bones make up the orbital walls?
A
ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, zygoma, palatine
13
Q
What is rostral?
A
toward the nose
14
Q
What is pronation?
A
Arms/hands rotate medially so palms face posteriorly
15
Q
What is supination?
A
Arms/hands rotate laterally so palms face anteriorly
16
Q
Name the different types of joints
A
Synovial
Immovable -cartilaginous
-fibrous
17
Q
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
A
sutures in the skull
18
Q
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
A
Pelvis-syphysis
19
Q
What is the purpose of meiosis?
A
to reduce the number of chromosomes
20
Q
During what week of gestation are primordial germ cells formed?
A
During week 2
21
Q
During week 4, primordial germ cells are migrating towards the forming gonads. They arrive by week 5. During migration, what is occurring?
A
mitosis of the embryo
22
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
A
23
22- autosomal pairs
1 -sex chromosomes
23
Q
Why is meiosis important sexual reproduction?
A
It reduces the number of chromosomes so we get a haploid cell. Any additional information from chromosomes can cause defects
24
Q
What restores the diploid number?
A
Fertilization
25
When does the oocyte go through second meiosis?
After fertilization
26
What are the final products from meiosis of spermatocyte and oocyte?
The spermatocyte results in 4 identical sperm
| The oocyte results in 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies (before fertilization it results in 1 egg and 1 polar body)
27
Define Oogenesis
Transformation of primordial germ cells into mature oocytes
28
What occurs during the first stage of oogenesis?
Primordial germ cells are transformed into primary oocytes. This occurs before birth
29
What occurs during the second stage of oogenesis?
Primary oocytes are transformed into mature oocytes.
| This occurs during puberty
30
What artery runs through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
vertebral artery
31
List the three fibrous joints of the body
Sutures in the skull
gomphosis of the teeth
interosseous membrane in the forearm
32
List three cartilaginous joints in the body
synchondrosis in the growth plate of bones
pubic symphysis
intervertebral discs
33
What type of cells support the primary oocyte?
follicle cells
34
What is the second protective layer of the primary oocyte?
zona pellucida - glycoprotein - plays a key roll in the ability for sperm to penetrate egg
35
What cells are responsible for the arrest in prophase of primary oocytes?
follicular cells
36
When does the secondary/mature oocyte begin meiosis II and at what phase does it hault again?
It begins during ovulation and haults at metaphase II until/if fertilization occurs.
37
Define spermatogenesis
primordial germ cells transforming to mature sperm
38
When do spermatocytes begin to mature?
At puberty
39
What is the next step in sperm development after second meiosis?
Sperm are still not ready to participate in fertilization. They need to undergo spermiogenesis.
40
Define spermiogenesis
morphological differentiation of spermatids
41
Name 4 morphological changes that occur to spermatids.
elongation
loss of cytoplasm
tail formation
acrosome develops
42
Do sperm have support cells? If so, what are they called?
Yes, sertoli cells
43
What is contained within the acrosome?
Enzymes important for fertilization
44
What does Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH) hormone do?
Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
45
What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
drives follicular cell growth
46
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?
```
stimulates oocyte maturation (ovulation)
stimulates p4 (Progesterone) production in follicle cells to later cause their rupture and ovulation
```
47
List some characteristics of the first week of development
```
fertilization
rapid cell division
compaction
initial differentiation
implantation
```
48
What hormones are secreted by follicular cells to cause thickening of the uterine walls?
Progesterone (P4) and Estrogen (E)
49
Which support cell structures are associated with the oocyte during ovulation?
Corona radiata - carried with the oocyte
| Corpus luteum - left behind to secrete progesterone and estrogen
50
Where in the female body does fertilization occur?
The ampulla of the fallopian tube
51
What are the phases of fertilization?
```
penetration of the corona radiata
penetration of zona pellucida
Zona penetration causes a reaction that makes the oocyte membrane impenetrable
fusion of oocyte and sperm
completion of oocyte second meiosis
restoration of diploidy
zygote enters two cell stage
```
52
what is a morula?
a fertilized egg that has formed into 16 cells
53
What will the inner cells of the morula form?
embryo proper tissues
54
What will the mass of outer cells of the morula form?
support structures
55
When does the fertilized egg become a blastocyst?
When it enters the uterine cavity and the zona pellucida is flooded with a fluid, creating a cavity know as a blastocele
56
Term used for inner layer cells of the blastocyst
embryoblast
57
Term used for outer layer cells of the blastocyst
Trophoblast
58
Once the blastocyst is formed what happens to the zona pellucida?
it disappears so implantation can occur
59
If fertilization occurs what happens with the trophoblasts?
They approximate with the cells of the uterine wall and begin to penetrate
(implantation)
60
How many days after fertilization is implantation completed?
10 days
61
What two cells do trophoblasts differentiate to?
Cytotrophoblasts
| Syncytiotrophoblasts
62
Cytotrophoblasts
mitotic mononuclear cells
| migrate to become syncytiotrophoblasts
63
Syncytiotrophoblasts
multinucleated with no cell membrane
responsible for erosion into endometrium
produces HCG to preserve corpus luteum activity
64
After implantation, the embryoblasts take up fluid into the amnion and create the amniotic cavity. What cells line this cavity?
Amnioblasts
65
What two cells differentiate from embryoblasts?
Epiblasts (columnar cells) and Hypoblasts (cubodial cells)
66
What happens around day 11/12 of embryonic development?
The blastocyst is completely embedded into the endometrium
67
Around what day does the bi-laminar disc develop?
10-11, very critical time in development
68
What happens when the syncytiotrophoblasts penetrate sinusoids of the mother?
maternal and embryo blood mix
| uteroplacental circulation
69
Exocoelomic membrane
lines inner surface of cytotrophoblasts
70
What forms the primitive yolk sac?
hypoblasts and exocoelomic membrane
71
What is the purpose of the yolk sac?
Provide nourishment for the developing embryo
72
What fills the space between the trophoblasts and amnion/exocoelomic cavity?
extraembryonic mesoderm
73
What forms within the extraembryonic mesoderm?
chorionic cavity (extraembryonic cavity)
74
What does the extraembryonic mesoderm differentiate into?
somatic and sphlanchnic tissues
75
What does the somatic tissue layer do?
lines and supports cytotrophoblasts and amnion
76
What does the sphlanchnic tissue layer do?
lines and supports the yolk sac
77
What will the primary villi formed from the trophoblasts communicate with?
amnion/ chorionic cavity
78
How is the secondary/definitive yolk sac formed?
Hypoblasts produce cells that migrate along the exoceolomic membrane and form a new cavity
79
What does the connecting stalk give rise to?
umbilical cord
80
During week two what happens to the definitive yolk sac?
It is almost completely separated from the endometrial wall
81
What is the new term for the somatic layer of the extraembryonic membrane after week two?
chorionic plate
82
Where and when does the primitive streak form?
Week 3 in the upper layer of the bilaminar disc - so it is like a midline developing on the epiblasts
83
What does the primitive streak establish?
the body axis
84
What does the primitive streak become?
the site for gastrulation
85
As the primitive streak deepens, it becomes the...?
primitive groove
86
What occurs during invagination of the primitive streak?
cells from the epiblast detach and move below that upper layer
87
What is gastrulation?
transformation of the embryo from a bilaminar disc to a trilaminar disc
88
What does the notocord give rise to?
neural tube - becoming the axial skeleton
89
What germ layers make up the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes?
Tightly adhered ectoderm to endoderm
90
What does the mesoderm differentiate into?
paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral mesoderm
91
When does the primitive streak disappear?
week 4 - cell migration slows down during this time
92
Which direction does development occur?
in a cephalocaudal fashion
93
When do secondary villi form?
When the mesoderm cells penetrate the villi and grow
94
What do mesodermal cells in the villus differentiate into?
blood cells and blood vessels (forms the villus capillary system
95
Definitive placental villus
new term for the villus once mesodermal cells penetrate and form the villus capillary system
96
List characteristics of a synovial joint
hyaline cartilage, articular capsule, articular fluid
| synovial fluid
97
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
to cushion and nourish the joint
98
What embryological tissue do bones come from?
mesenchyme
99
Where does mesenchyme come from?
neural crest cells or mesoderm
100
What are the two pathways for bone formation?
intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification
101
calvaria
upper dome of the skull
102
what makes up the vertebral column?
cervical vertebrae all the way down to the sacrum
103
What type of vertebrae have a primary curve?
thoracic and sacral
104
What type of vertebrae have a secondary curvature?
cervical and lumbar
105
Why are there secondary and primary curvatures of the vertebrae?
to bring the center of gravity into a central vertical line
106
What is the purpose of the vertebral body?
bear weight (increases in size from C2 to L5)
107
Which vertebra has the largest vertebral body?
L5
108
What goes through the vertebral foramen/canal?
spinal cord, spinal membranes, vasculature, proximal portions of spinal nerves, connective tissue, and fat
109
What connects the vertebral arch to the vertebral body?
pedicles
110
What structures form the roof of the vertebral arch?
laminae
111
What is the purpose of the vertebral arch?
protect the spinal cord
112
Whats the purpose of the superior and inferior articular processes?
restrict movement
113
What is the purpose of the transverse and spinous processes?
muscle attachment
114
Valsalva maneuver
holding breath and increasing intra-abdominal pressure
115
What lines the abdominal cavity wall?
Parietal peritoneum
116
What lines the organs within the abdominal cavity?
visceral peritoneum
117
what is the mesentary?
tissue that connects the organs within the abdominal cavity to the posterior wall
118
Where are retroperitoneal structures found?
in between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall
119
Where are intraperitoneal structures found?
suspended in the mesentary
120
What lines the thoracic cavity
pleura
121
visceral cranium
face portion of the skull
122
What makes up thecardiovascular system?
heart and arteries/veins
123
What connects artery supply with venous drainage?
capillry beds
124
What are the three circulation systems within the cardiovascular system?
systemic circulation
cardiac circulation
pulmonary circulation
125
What are some main functions of the cardiovascular system?
transport nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones
126
What is the mediastinum?
membranous portion between two parts of an organ or between two body cavities
127
Where is the heart located?
In the thoracic region/ the mediastinum of the lungs
128
What is the sternal angle?
Where rib two correlates with the sternum
129
More specifically, where is the top of the heart located?
2nd intercostal space on the left side of the sternum and the 3rd intercostal space on the right side of the sternum
130
Where is the inferior portion of the heart found?
sitting on the diaphragm
131
Where is the apex of the heart located?
5th intercostal space
132
Systole
when the heart contracts
133
diastole
when the heart dilates/fills/rests
134
atrial diastole
filling of the atria with blood
135
ventricular diastole
filling of the ventricles with blood
136
What part of the heart do you hear the heartbeat the strongest?
Apex of the heart
137
What happens in the capillary beds
gas exchange and hormone transfer
138
Where would you hear the tricuspid valve?
left sternal margin of the 5th intercostal space
139
Where would you hear the mitral valve?
left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular
140
Where would you hear the pulmonary valve?
Left sternal margin of the 2nd intercostal space
141
Where would you hear the aortic valve?
right sternal margin of the 2nd intercostal space
142
What are the three layers of the tunica interna?
endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer
143
What are the three layers of a blood vessel wall?
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
144
What layer of the blood vessel wall would have vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis?
tunica externa
145
What is the thickest layer in an artery wall?
tunica media
146
What is the thickest layer in a vein?
tunica externa
147
What are the 4 types of arteries?
conducting arteries, muscular arteries, small arteries, arterioles
148
what are the 4 types of veins?
venules, small, medium, and large veins
