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Anatomy > Unit 4 - Spinal Cord and PNS > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Spinal Cord and PNS Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What layer is each continuous with?
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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2
Q

Where can you find cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

A

in the subarachnoid space, which is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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3
Q

What does endoneurium cover?

A

Covers individual nerve fibers

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4
Q

What does perineurium cover?

A

Covers a bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers

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5
Q

What does epineurium cover?

A

Covers many bundles (fascicles) of nerve fibers

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6
Q

What are the different types of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors

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7
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

pH, taste, smell, metabolic concentrations

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8
Q

What do photoreceptors sense?

A

visual light (retinal visual receptors)

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9
Q

What do thermoreceptors sense?

A

temperature

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10
Q

What do mechanoreceptors sense?

A

physical deformation, touch, muscle length and tension, auditory, vestibular receptors (balance)

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11
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

pain

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12
Q

What is the main job of sensory receptors?

A

turn physical stimulus into an electrical signal

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13
Q

True or False?

Each sensory receptor has a receptive field. All receptive fields are the same size.

A

False - Receptive fields in the fingers are smaller than in the forearm, but the fingers have many more sensory receptors. This is how we can feel detail so well with our fingers

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14
Q

Muscles have free nerve endings and also have encapsulated receptors. What are the two types of encapsulated receptors?

A

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

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15
Q

What do muscle spindle receptors detect?

A

the length of a muscle

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16
Q

What do Golgi tendon organ receptors detect?

A

muscle tension

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17
Q

Term for caudal end of the spinal cord (L1-L2 region)

A

conus medullaris

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18
Q

Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord located?

A 
cervical region (C5-T1)
lumbar region (L2-S3)
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19
Q

Why are there enlargements in the spinal cord in certain regions?

A

There are more motor neurons in these areas because of the upper and lower limbs

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20
Q

How many segments of the spinal cord are there and what are they?

A 
31-
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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21
Q

What structures make up a spinal nerve?

A

dorsal and ventral rootlets –> dorsal and ventral roots –> spinal nerve

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22
Q

How many dermatomes does each spinal nerve innervate?

A

one

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23
Q

Where are cell bodies of the sympathetic sensory neurons located?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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24
Q

Where do dorsal rootlets enter the spinal cord?

A

posterolateral sulcus

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25
Where do ventral rootlets leave the spinal cord?
anterolateral sulcus
26
What dermatome does C1 innervate?
it does not innervate a dermatome because it has a rudimentary dorsal root
27
When sensory afferent nerve fibers enter the spinal cord through the posterior sulcus, where do they go next?
They can terminate at the posterior horn or ascend to the medulla oblongata
28
Rostral structures in the brain send descending fibers to act on the motor efferent neurons located where in the spinal cord?
anterior horn
29
Where on/near the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery run?
anterior median fissure
30
What area of the brain do spinal tracts cross?
anterior white commissure
31
Is grey matter of the spinal cord internal or external?
internal
32
When will the spinal cord have posterior intermediate sulci?
Above T6
33
Where in the spinal cord are lateral horns present? What is found here?
thoracic region | sympathetics preganglionic fiber
34
Where do pain and temperature neurons synapse?
substantia gelatinosa
35
Where do fine myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers enter the spinal cord?
Lissaur's tract
36
What is Clarke's nucleus and where do you find it?
collection of cell bodies in the intermediate grey matter | found from T1-L2
37
What suspends the meninges?
dentate ligaments
38
Name the structure that attaches the conus medullaris to the coccyx and the end of the dural sheath?
filum terminale
39
What makes up the filum terminale?
pia and arachnoid mater
40
What is cauda equia?
dorsal and ventral roots leaving the spinal cord
41
What area do you find cauda equine?
lumbar cistern
42
All reflexes involve interneurons except which type?
stretch reflexes
43
Does sensory information from reflexes travel to the brain?
No, they can bypass the brain and go straight to the spinal cord
44
True or False? Stretch reflexes are monosynaptic.
Yes, because they do not have interneurons
45
What forms the anterior spinal artery?
vertebral arteries
46
What area of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery run?
anterior median fissure
47
If there is a blockage in the anterior spinal artery, what happens?
you can have a motor deficit
48
What forms the posterior spinal arteries?
a branch of the vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery
49
Where does the posterior spinal artery run?
posterolateral sulcus
50
Where does the posterior spinal artery stop?
thoracic region of the spinal cord
51
What specific parts of the spinal cord does the anterior spinal artery supply?
anterior horns and maybe lateral funiculi
52
What specific parts of the spinal cord does the posterior spinal artery supply?
posterior horns and dorsal column
53
At what spinal cord level can you find the great radicular artery (artery of Adamkiewicz)?
T12, supplies the whole lumbosacral cord in some individuals | sometimes a branch from the left posterior intercostal artery
54
What type of information does the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway carry?
two point touch, vibration, conscious proprioception
55
Are the fibers in the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway myelinated or unmyelinated?
myelinated and they are located medially
56
Where do the ascending fibers in the posterior column synapse and decussate to form the medial lemniscus part of the pathway?
in the medulla
57
Where does the posterior lateral medial lemniscus pathway relay and terminate?
relays in VPL of the thalamus | and terminates in the post central gyrus
58
How/Where are new fibers added as you ascend up the posterior column?
new fibers are added laterally
59
Around what spinal cord level are fibers no longer added to the fasciculus gracilus (leg)?
T6 - this is where they begin to add to the fasciculus cuneatus (arm)
60
What is ataxia?
a result of a posterior column lesion, uncoordinated movements because the brain cannot direct motor movements without feedback from the body
61
What does the spinothalamic pathway sense?
pain and temperature
62
Where does the spinothalamic pathway synapse after it enters the lateral side of posterior horn?
substantia gelatinosa
63
Where does the spinothalamic pathway cross the midline?
It crosses the spinal cord as it ascends. takes 2 levels to completely cross
64
Does the 2nd order neuron of the spinothalamic pathway synapse in the VPL of the thalamus?
yes
65
The spinoreticular fibers also run through the anterolateral tract. What do they likely carry?
level of attention of pain response
66
What information do spinomesencephalic fibers carry?
pain control mechanisms
67
What information do spinohypothalamic fibers carry/
autonomic response to pain
68
How to bowel, bladder pressure, and sexual sensations ascend?
bilaterally, so if there is a unilateral lesion, those functions can still take place
69
Term for inability to feel pain.
analgesia
70
What do doctors do to achieve analgesia in patients?
a contralateral cordotomy
71
How are the posterior column media lemniscus and spinothalamic pathways organized?
somatotopically
72
Where are feet and leg sensory going to on the sensory homunculus?
medially
73
What are the spinocerebellar tracts and do they carry conscious or unconscious information?
1. posterior spinocerebellar tract 2. cuneocerebellar tract 3. anterior spinocerebellar tract all unconscious information
74
What type of information is the posterior spinocerebellar tract carrying?
unconscious proprioception from legs
75
What spinal cord levels have a Clark's nucleus?
T1-L2

Anatomy (8 decks)

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