Unit 1

Question 1

In the 1948 election roughly what percentage of the population were whites?

Answer 1

21%

Question 2

Name two African tribal groups

Answer 2

Zulu and Xhosa

Question 3

What percentage of SA white population were Afrikaner?

Answer 3

60%

Question 4

When were blacks disenfranchised (no vote)?

Answer 4

1936

Question 5

What percentage of land did whites own?

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

What were townships?

Answer 6

Blacks living on the outskirts of cities.

Question 7

What event increased African urbanisation rapidly?

Answer 7

WW2

Question 8

Which issue mainly affected Afrikaners who failed to make a living in rural areas?

Answer 8

Poor white problem

Question 9

Why did so many Africans want to leave reserves?

Answer 9

Few job opportunities, cities had more jobs

Question 10

Who re-created the National Party and which group of voters did he target?

Answer 10

Malan / Aafrikaners

Question 11

What were the key factors causing the NP to win the 1948 election?

Answer 11

Election system (first past the post), Afrikaaner nationalism, Smuts and the United party being too liberal, Fear of blacks (swart gevaar)

Question 12

Afrikaaners started to see themselves as Volk. This represented the growth of what?

Answer 12

Afrikaaner nationalism

Question 13

What did Henry Gluckman advocate urgent expansion of & why was this a problem?

Answer 13

Health services / served black and white.

Question 14

Whites were afraid of black danger and flooding. What was the name for this?

Answer 14

Swart Gevaar / Oorstrooming

Question 15

Smuts was accused of being too what?

Answer 15

Liberal

Question 16

What percent of the vote did each party get?

Answer 16

National party - 38%

United party - 49%

Question 17

The United Party won big majorities where?

Answer 17

Urban English speaking areas.

Question 18

What secret organisation was set up to promote Afrikaner interests?

Answer 18

Broederbond

Question 19

What did the separate representation of voters act do in 1951?

Answer 19

Stop coloured people from voting

Question 20

In the 1953 election the NP increased its number of voters from what to what?

Answer 20

400,000 - 600,000

NP became more entrenched

Question 21

When was the group areas act and what did it do?

Answer 21

From 1950 - Gave the government the power to declare areas for whites only and move Africans out

Question 22

When was the Native Abolition of Passes and what did it do?

Answer 22

1952 - forced African men in cities to carry passes.

Question 23

How many people were convicted of pass law offences in 1962?

Answer 23

385,000

Question 24

Despite the pass laws African urban population increases from 1.8 million in 1946 to what in 1960?

Answer 24

3.5 million

Question 25

Name case studies of Group Area Acts in action

Answer 25

Sophiatown, Durban, District six

Question 26

How many people were removed from District six?

Answer 26

60,000

Question 27

How many Africans were literate in the 1951 census?

Answer 27

24%

Question 28

When was the Bantu Education Act and what did it do?

Answer 28

1953 - brought all African education under government control - prepared them for lives in homelands not cities

Question 29

When was the extension of university act and what did it do?

Answer 29

1959 - enabled full segregation of race in the universities

Question 30

What was the aim of the Bantu self-governing act 1959?

Answer 30

Create self-governing African units

Question 31

What did Verwoerd attempt to call all the laws regarding improving the homelands?

Answer 31

Separate development / internal decolonisation

Question 32

When was the Tomlinson Report?

Answer 32

1956

Question 33

What was Grand Apartheid?

Answer 33

Africans and whites completely separate economically and socially

Question 34

How much money did the Tomlinson report say as needed

Answer 34

£100 million

Question 35

How much of South Africa was assigned to be a homeland or bantustan?

Answer 35

13%

Question 36

Why was the Tomlinson report important?

Answer 36

Justification of grand apartheid, revealed what was required to make it work and the government were unwilling.

Question 37

Why was the National Part reluctant to invest in bantustans?

Answer 37

Black businesses may compete with whites.

Question 38

Which South African prime minister rejected the Tomlinson Report?

Answer 38

Verwoerd

Question 39

What is betterment?

Answer 39

Stop environmental degradation / forced people to move to villages.

Question 40

What are bantustans?

Answer 40

Partially self-governing government areas for Africans.

Question 41

The area of Bantustans aimed to make Africans to see themselves as what?

Answer 41

Tribal identity e.g Xhosa

Question 42

Who argued for a more confrontational approach to opposing apartheid?

Answer 42

ANC Youth League

Question 43

What motivated the ANC youth league and what ideology were they attempting to encourage?

Answer 43

African Nationalism

Question 44

Which group did the ANC ally with that the US hated?

Answer 44

Communist party

Question 45

Alan Paton a white opponent of apartheid created what party and in what year?

Answer 45

1953 - Liberal Party

Question 46

What was the biggest act of opposition by the ANC in 1952?

Answer 46

The defiance campaign

Question 47

How many people were arrested at the Defiance Campaign and where were most of the arrests made?

Answer 47

8,000 | East London

Question 48

What went wrong with the Defiance Campaign?

Answer 48

Leadership lost control and it turned violent.

Question 49

What did the ANC rise from and to due to the Defiance campaign?

Answer 49

4,000 to 100,000

Question 50

In 1955 what did 20,000 women march against and what was the result?

Answer 50

Extending passes to women | Passes were still extended to women.

Question 51

What is an example of Rural resistance?

Answer 51

Sekhukhuneland

Question 52

What were rural areas protesting about?

Answer 52

Bantustans

Question 53

When was the freedom charter and what did it say?

Answer 53

1955 - The people shall govern (congress alliance)

Question 54

What kind of rule did the freedom charter say the ANC will adopt if in power?

Answer 54

Multi-racial democracy

Question 55

When was the Treason Trial and what was it?

Answer 55

1956 - 1961 | 156 members of the congress alliance were arrested for high treason.

Question 56

Consequences of the Treason Trials

Answer 56

Shows multi racial struggle Put state on trial publicity Opposition leaders punished

Question 57

What does PAC stand for?

Answer 57

Pan-Africanist Congress

Question 58

When did the PAC break from the ANC?

Answer 58

1958

Question 59

Differences between the ANC and PAC

Answer 59

Thought non-africans had too much influence, wanted complete independence from whites, United States of Africa more confrontational direct action

Question 60

Why did the National Part initially allow the rise of the PAC?

Answer 60

Thought their views would encourage separation

Question 61

Criteria used to judge success of the opposition

Answer 61

Mobilisation Legislation change International support