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j5020B > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Language?

A
  • What constitutes “Language”
  • How de we talk about it?
  • How do we measure it?
  • What are its parts?
  • How do we Assess it?
  • How do we teach it?
  • There are many different theories of language
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2
Q

Theories of Language

A
  • Chap 1 of VB Skinner presents various linguistic theories
  • Linguistic theory can be classified into 2 general often overlapping views:
    1) Biological, 2) Cognitive, 3) Environmental

1) Biological view: C&P argue that language is innate to humans & primarily result of Physiological processes & Functions & that language has little to do with environmental variables, such as reinforcement & stimulus control
- Brain -> words, phrases, sentences
- Nature vs nurture

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3
Q

Theories of Language

COGNITIVE

A
  • Psychologists argue that language is controlled by Internal Cognitive processing systems tht Accept, Classify, Code, Encode & store Verbal info & Language has less todo with env variables such as reinforcement & Stimulus Control.
  • Language is viewed as Receptive & Expressive & the 2 are referred to as Communicative Bx that is controlled by cognitive processors
  • Cognition -> Words
  • Cognitive & receptive-expressive framework Dominates current lang assessment & intervention prog for children with autism
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4
Q

How Language Measured in a Traditional Linguistic Analysis?

A
  • The focus is on response forms, topography and structure
  • Phonemes
  • Morphemes
  • Lexicon
  • Syntax
  • Grammer
  • Semantics
  • Mean of length of utterances (MLU): words, phrases, sentences
  • Classification system: nouns, verbs, adj, adverbs etc
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5
Q

Skinner wrote the book verbal Bx due, in part, to a challenge by:

a) Noam Chomsky
b) Roger Brown
c) Alfred North Whitehead
d) Jean Piaget

A

c) Alfred North Whitehead

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6
Q

Skinner’s book Verbal Bx contained:

a) Empirical research on verbal Bx
b) An analysis of autism & language delays
c) A rebuttal to Noam Chomsky
d) A conceptual analysis of language

A

d) A conceptual analysis of language

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7
Q

The response form consists of:

1) Mands, tacts, phonemes & words emitted
2) Phenomes, morphemes, words and sentences emitted
3) Mands, tacts, intraverbal and echoic emitted
4) Grammer, autoclitics, syntax and semantics emitted

A

2) Phenomes, morphemes, words and sentences emitted

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8
Q

Skinner’s (1975) Book Verbal BX (Chap 1 of VB is titled “A Functional Analysis of Verbal Bx)

A
  • Etymological sanctions & terminology in VB
  • Language is Learned Bx under the functional control of env contingencies
  • “What happens wen a man speaks/responds to speech is clearly a ques about human Bx & hence a ques to be ans with the concepts & techniques of psychology as an experimental science of Bx)
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9
Q

Skinner’s (1975) Book Verbal Behavior

A

“Bx reinforced through the mediation of other persons” (who are trained to do so)

  • The speaker & the listener (total verbal episode) The speaker & listener can be the Same skin
  • Our 1st responsibility is simple Description: wat is topography of this subdivision of human bx? 1ce tht ques has been ans in atleast a preliminary fashion we may advance to the stage called Explanation: wat conditions are relevant to the occurrences of Bx- wat are the variables of which it is a function?
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10
Q

Skinner’s (1957) Book Verbal Behavior

A
  • The analysis of VB involves the same Behavioral principles 7 concepts that make up the analysis of nonverbal Bx. No new principles of Bx are required. There are some new terms
  • In chap 2 of VB Skinner presents the independent & dependent variables of VB
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11
Q

The function of a verbal response consists of:

a) The relevant cognitive processes involved
b) The genetic predisposition to communicate
c) Environmental antecedents & consequences
d) A blend of cognitive & environmental variables

A

c) Environmental antecedents & consequences

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12
Q

Skinner’s (1957) Book Verbal Behavior

A
  • “Technically, meanings are to be found among the independent variables in a Functional account rather than as properties of the dependent variable”
  • What constitutes a “Unit” of Verbal BX
  • “….a response of identifiable form functionally related to one or more independent variables
  • Wat is the Unit of analysis in language?
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13
Q

Skinner’s (1957) Book Verbal Behavior

A
  • A common misconception about Skinner’s analysis of Verbal Bx is that the he Rejects the traditional classification of language
  • However, it is not traditional classification/description of the response he finds fault with, it is the Failure to account for the causes/function of the verbs, nouns sentences etc
  • The analysis of How and Why one says words is typically relegated to the field of psychology combined with linguistics: hence the field of “Psycholinguistics”
  • Skinner noted that “A service of bx does not arrive at this special field to find it Unoccupied
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14
Q

How is Language Measured in a Behavioral Analysis?

A

-The Verbal Operant in the UNIT of analysis e.g. Mands, Tacts & Intraverbals

MO/Sd -> Response -> Consequence

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15
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Verbal Behavior

A
  • The traditional linguistic classification of words, sentences and Phrases as expressive & receptive language Blends imp functional distinctions among types of operant Bx & appeals to cognitive Explanations for the causes of language Bx
  • in chap 3-5 of Verbal Bx Skinner presents the “elementary verbal operants’
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16
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Verbal BX

A
  • All the core of Skinner’s analysis of verbal bx is the distinction btw the Mand, Tact & intraverbal (traditionally all classified as “Expressive Language”
  • Skinner identified 3 separate sources of Antecedent control for these Verbal Operants
  • EO/MO control -> Mand
  • Non verbal Sd -> Tact
  • Verbal Sd -> Intraverbal
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17
Q

The Behavioral Classification of Language

A
  • 4 of the verbal operants….
  • Mand: Asking for reinforcers. Asking for “Mommy” cuz you want mommy
  • TACT: Naming or identifying objects, actions, events etc. Saying “Mommy” because you see Mommy
  • Echoic: Repeating what is heard. Saying “Mommy” after someone else says “Mommy”
  • Intraverbal: Answering ques or having conversations where your words are controlled by other words. Saying “Mommy” someone else says “Daddy and…”
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18
Q

A question is usually an e.g. of which type of verbal behavior?

a) Intraverbal
b) Mand
c) Tact
d) Intraverbal and mand

A

b) Mand

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19
Q

The Role of the Listener: The Problem with Traditional views

A
  • The traditional conception of VB…..has generally implied that certain basic linguistic processes were common to Both speaker & listener
  • Theories of Meaning are usually applied to both speaker & listener as if the meaning process were the same for both
  • Reason Skinner avoided use of the common terms Expressive Language & Receptive language cuz of the implication that they are merely different Manifestation of the same underlying cognitive processes
  • And that the Listener’s Bx also constituted “Language”
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20
Q

The Role of the Listener: The Problem with Traditional Views

A
  • Linguists & psycholinguists are primarily concerned with the Bx of the listener with what words mean to those who hear them & with what kind of sentences are judged grammatical or ungrammatical
  • The very concept of communication whether if ideas, meanings or information - emphasized Transmission to a listener
  • Much of the Bx of the listener has no Resemblance to the Bx of the Speaker & is Not Verbal according to our definition
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21
Q

The Role of the Listener: The Term “Listener”

A
  • Etymological Sanction & the term “Listener”
  • Skinner’s use of Listener is not the same as the accepted lay use of the term
  • It is also not the same as Linguist’s use of the term
  • The deaf & sign language
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22
Q

The Role of the Listener

What role does listener play in Skinner’s account of language

A
  • A common position is that Skinner totally Ignores the Listener
  • The word “Listener” appears on at-least 50% of the pages in VB
  • There are 14 section headings (6 major) containing the word “listener”
  • 2 full chapters are mostly devoted to the listener
  • “Skinner’s” analysis of VB very convincingly directs our Attention to the complexity of the listener’s repertoire to account for speaker’s BX
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23
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

1) Necessary for a verbal Episode

A

‘The Bx of the Speaker & Listener taken together compose what maybe called the total verbal episode

  • “There is nothing in such an episode which is more than the combined Bx of two or more individuals”
  • It would be foolish to underestimate the difficulty of this subject matter”
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24
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

2) The Listener Consequates the speaker’s Bx

A
  • Mediates Rx

- “The Verbal community maintains the Bx of the speaker with generalized Rx

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25
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

3) The Listener Functions as an Sd and MO for Verbal Bx

A
  • The listener, as an essential part of the situation in which VB is observed is a Discriminative stimulus
  • “This function is to distinguished from the action of the listener in reinforcing Bx”
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26
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

4) The listener “takes additional action”

A

“VB would be pointless if a listener did nothing more than reinforce the speaker for “The action which a listener takes with respect to the verbal response is often more imp to the speaker than generalized Rx

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27
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

A

1) Nonverbal respondent BX
2) Nonverbal Operant Bx
30 Verbal Bx

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28
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

-1) NonVerbal Respondent Bx

A
  • Among the special effects of verbal Bx are the emotional reactions of the listener
  • If a verbal stimulus accompanies some state of affairs which is the unconditioned or previously conditioned stimulus for an emotional reaction the verbal stimulus eventually evokes this reaction
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29
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

Nonverbal Operant Bx (Receptive Language)

A
  • Listener Compliances
  • Listener Discrimination
  • Listener Responding by function, feature and class
  • These e.g. remind us of the fact that the Bx of listener is essentially Verbal. The listener reacts to a verbal stimulus whether with conditioned reflexes or discriminated operant Bc as he reacts to any feature of the Env
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30
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener

  Verbal Operant Behavior (usually, the main argument)
A
  • “In many imp instances the listener is also Behaving at the same time as a Speaker”
  • “An imp fact about Verbal Bx is that the speaker & Listener may reside within the same Skin”
  • “Some of the Bx of Listening resembles the Bx of speaking, particularly when the speaker “Understands” what is said”
  • Much of what is Traditionally called “Listening” is Covert verbal Bx, consisting of all the Verbal Operants
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31
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener:

Summary

A
  • Skinner’s Restricted use of “Listener”
  • Necessary for a verbal episode (even when the speaker is his own listener)
  • Discriminative stimulus & MO for VB (audience)
  • Mediator of RX for the speaker (consequence)
  • Nonverbal “action” (respondent Bx (emotion), Operant Bx (Receptive language))
  • When Skinner says ‘very little of the Bx of the listener is Worth distinguishing as Verbal”
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32
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener: Summary (contd…)

A
  • Excluded from Skinner’s use of Listener
  • Verbal BX (“Listener” becomes a covert speaker)
  • As a covert speaker all the Verbal Operants are Possible
  • When Skinner says “Linguists & Psycholinguists are primarily concerned with the Bx of the Listener”
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33
Q

The Different Roles of the Listener: Summary

Contd…

A
  • Excluded from Skinner’s use of “Listener”
  • VB (“listener” becomes a covert speaker)
  • As a Covert speaker all the verbal operants are Possible
  • When Skinner says “Linguists & Psycholinguists are primarily concerned with the BX of the listener”, it’s tis covert VB that they are interested in
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34
Q

The Role of the Listener: Wat’s Missing?

A
  • Wat aspects of the listener are Missing from Verbal BX?
  • Skinner conceded in his 1989 paper “The BX of the Listener” that indeed the book VB contained “Little direct discussion of Listening”
  • A detailed analysis of wat is traditionally called “Receptive language” is missing
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35
Q

The Role of the Listener: What’s Missing?

A
  • There is not a Systematic analysis of Verbal stimulus control over nonverbal Operant Bx
  • Similar to the type of analysis found for Mand, Tact, Intraverbal etc & their controlling variables
  • More specifically, an Analysis of Verbal conditional discriminative stimuli (CSdS) that evoke nonverbal Bxs is missing
  • Skinner did talk about the “Compound verbal stimulus” in relation to the intraverbal
  • Catania identified the importance of verbal conditional discriminations to all of Verbal Bx
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36
Q

Skinner did not like the common distinction btw “Expressive” and “receptive” language because:

a) There was very little data to support the Distinction
b) The implication that they are merely different manifestation of the same underlying cognitive process
c) It had no clear application to language assessment and intervention
d) They are behaviorally the same skills

A

b) The implication that they are merely different manifestation of the same underlying cognitive process

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37
Q

The term receptive language only includes one aspect of what Skinner calls listener Bx. The term receptive language neglects the role of the listener as:

a) A speaker
b) An audience, a person who consequates VB, & one who takes respondent & verbal action
c) As an SD, MO & mediator for Verbal Behaviors
d) As a communicative partner

A

b) An audience, a person who consequates VB, & one who takes respondent & verbal action

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38
Q

Many claimed Skinner ignored the listener in his book Verbal BX. However, what he actually did was:

a) Suggest that all listener Bx was actually speaker Bx
b) Agree with the traditional definition of the listener & refer the readers to the relevant sources
c) Suggest that indeed the listener was irrelevant to language
d) Redefine the role of the listener as comprised of several different repertoires

A

d) Redefine the role of the listener as comprised of several different repertoires

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39
Q

Skinner describes a “verbal episode” as:

a) An intraverbal chain of Verbal Bx
b) All expressive language
c) An interaction btw a speaker and a listener
d) Only listener Bx

A

c) An interaction btw a speaker and a listener

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40
Q

A listener consequates a speaker’s Bx by:

a) Mediating RX
b) Correcting Verbal errors
c) Politely waiting for a turn to be a speaker
d) Taking accurate data

A

a) Mediating RX

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41
Q

A listener functions as a SD or an MO for verbal Bx by:

a) Reinforcing appropriate VB
b) Mediating Reinforcement
c) Echoically prompting correct responses
d) Serving as an audience that evokes verbal BX

A

d) Serving as an audience that evokes verbal BX

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42
Q

Skinner states that the most interesting elements of listener Bx are that the listener takes action. Wat kind of action does a listener take?

a) Emits respondent Bx
b) Emits verbal & nonverbal Bx as well as respondent Bx
c) Mediates Rx
d) Serves as an audience for verbal Bx

A

b) Emits verbal & nonverbal Bx as well as respondent Bx

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43
Q

Most who argue wit Skinner’s treatment of the listener fail to understand his point that:

a) The listener is an audience & mediator of speaker Bx
b) Much of wat is traditionally called listener Bx is actually covert verbal Bx
c) Cognitive psychology assigns causality to the wrong variables
d) The listener only mediates Rx

A

b) Much of wat is traditionally called listener Bx is actually covert verbal Bx

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44
Q

When Skinner says “very little of the Bx of the listener is worth distinguishing as verbal”, he is referring to which component(s) of listener Bx?

a) Mediating Verbal Bx
b) Serving as an audience for Bx
c) Mediating VB, serving as an audience for verbal Bx & emitting respondent & nonverbal action
d) All the BX of the listener

A

c) Mediating VB, serving as an audience for verbal Bx & emitting respondent & nonverbal action

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45
Q

Skinner admits (1989) that e did omit the treatment of a major aspect of listener Bx in his book VB. He neglected a detailed treatment of:

a) What is identified as receptive language, or the nonverbal Bx emitted by a listener
b) The cognitive processing of words demonstrated by a listener
c) How the listener becomes a covert speaker
d) Why the listener & speaker are different in behavioral terms

A

a) What is identified as receptive language, or the nonverbal Bx emitted by a listener

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46
Q

The Role of the Listener:

Verbal Conditioned Discriminations

A

-Verbal CSd: Two components of a verbal antecedent where one verbal stimulus Alters the evocative effect of the second verbal stimulus and collectively they evoke a differential response
For E.g. Touch a food…, Touch a Hot Food…, Touch a breakfast food
-Children with autism often have a difficult time acquiring Bx Controlled by verbal CSds, especially as the components grow beyond 2
-(Verbal CSd are also the main sources of control for most intraverbal Bx)

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47
Q

The Role of the Listener: Research & Applications

A
  • VB CSds comprise a Significant component of the antecedent variables for listener Bx & constitute an excellent & Needed area of Research
  • For e.g.
  • Listener discriminations
  • Listener Responding by Functions, Feature and Class
  • Autoclitic relations
  • Rule governed Bx
  • However at the current time there is very little behavioral research on multiple component Verbal conditional discrimination
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48
Q

A conditional discrimination in “receptive language” would involve:

a) A verbal stimulus and a verbal response
b) A nonverbal stimulus & a nonverbal response
c) A verbal stimulus and a nonverbal response
d) A MO & a verbal response

A

c) A verbal stimulus and a nonverbal response

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49
Q

Verbal Extensions

A
  • Generalization
  • “If a response is reinforced upon a given occasion or class of occasions, any Feature of that occasion or common to that class appears to Gain some measure of Control
  • A novel stimulus possessing one such feature may evoke a response
  • There are several ways in which a Novel stimulus may resemble a stimulus previously present when a response was reinforced & hence there are several types of what we may call “extended tacts”
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50
Q

Verbal Extensions

Contd…….

A
  • Skinner distinguished btw 4 types of extended tacts Generic, Metaphoric. Metonymic and Solistic
  • The distinction is based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares the relevant or irrelevant Features of the original stimulus
  • In Generic Extension the Novel stimulus shares All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
  • In Metaphorical Extension the novel stimulus shares some, but not all of the relevant features of the Original stimulus
  • In Metonymical extension the responses to novel stimuli have None of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant but related feature has acquired stimulus Control
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51
Q

Verbal Extension (Contd….)

A
  • Finally, a Solistic Extension occurs when
  • “The property which gains control of the response is only Distantly related to the defining properties upon which standard reinforcements are contingent or is similar to that property for irrelevant reasons…..Most verbal communities not only Fail to respond effectively to such extension but provide some sort of Punishment for them”
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52
Q

Multiple Control

A
  • Part 1 & 2 of book VB provides the reader with the defining features of elementary Verbal Operants & many e.g. of these operants
  • Part 3, 4 & 5 focus on how to use these operants to Analyze complex VB
  • Any given sample of VB esp those involving Verbal exchanges btw speakers & listeners contains a multitude of functional Relations btw antecedents, Bx & consequences
  • The functional units of Echoics, Mands, Tacts, Intraverbal & Textual relations from the Formalities of VB analysis
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53
Q

Multiple Control

Contd…

A
  • 2 facts emerge from our survey of the basic functional relations
    1) Strength of a single Response maybe & usually is, a function of more than 1 variable &
    2) A single Variable usually affects more than 1 response
  • Micheal identifies conditions where the strength of a single Verbal response is a function of more than 1 variable as “Convergent multiple control”
  • Convergent multiple control can be observed in almost all instances of VB
  • MO nonverbal stimuli & verbal stimuli freq share Antecedent control over VB
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54
Q

Multiple Control

       Second Type
A
  • The 2nd type of multiple control identified by Skinner occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response
  • “Just as a given stimulus word will evoke a large # of different responses from a sample of the population at large, it increases the probability of emission of many responses in a single speaker
  • Micheal identifies this type of control “Divergent Multiple Control”
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55
Q

Applications of Multiple Control

A
  • Much of Early VB is multiply controles
  • Mand-tact
  • Multiple control can help to Evoke target Bx in language training procedures
  • Mand + Tact + Echoic
  • Most ongoing VB is multiply controlled
  • Intraverbal & tact freq combine
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56
Q

Applications of Multiple Control

Contd

A
  • Many eg of multiple control can be found in entertainment, literature, poetry, novels etc
  • Michael points out that “The effects of multiple variables on the Bx of a listener play a role in our Enjoyment of esthetic and humorous aspects of VB
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57
Q

Skinner’s concept of “Verbal Extensions” are types of:

a) Generalization
b) Discrimination
c) Equivalence
d) Conditional discriminations

A

a) Generalization

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58
Q

In generic extension, the novel stimulus shares:

a) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
b) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
c) An irrelevant feature of the original stimulus
d) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

A

b) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

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59
Q

In metaphoric extension, the novel stimulus shares:

a) An irrelevant features of the original stimulus
b) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
c) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
d) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

A

d) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

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60
Q

In metynomic extension, the novel stimulus shares:

a) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
b) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
c) An irrelevant feature of the original stimulus
d) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

A

c) An irrelevant feature of the original stimulus

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61
Q

In Solistic extension, the novel stimulus shares:

a) An irrelevant features of the original stimulus
b) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
c) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
d) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

A

b) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

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62
Q

In Skinner’s analysis of multiple control ________

a) A single response maybe a function of more than one variable
b) Two individuals can control the same Bx
c) A person may demonstrate multiple personalities
d) A mand, tact and intraverbal are all functionally equivalent

A

a) A single response maybe a function of more than one variable

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63
Q

Micheal defines convergent multiple control as:

a) The strength of a single response is a function of more than one variable
b) A single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response
c) MO control combines with SD control
d) What makes literature interesting

A

a) The strength of a single response is a function of more than one variable

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64
Q

Michael defines divergent multiple control as:

a) MO control combined with SD control
b) The strength of a single response is a function of more than one variable
c) When a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response
d) Speaker and listener Bx combined

A

c) When a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response

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65
Q

Michael (2003) points out that the effects of multiple variables on the Bx of the listener ________

a) Cannot be easily identified
b) Play a role in our enjoyment of esthetic & humorous aspects of VB
c) Separate it from the BX of the speaker
d) Demonstrate the distinction btw the different types of Motivating Operations

A

b) Play a role in our enjoyment of esthetic & humorous aspects of VB

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66
Q

Private Events

A
  • A significant amount of our day to day VB is controlled in part by private stimulation
  • E.g. What is commonly referred to as “Thinking” involves stimuli arising from within an organism, the analysis of this type of stimulation & how it acquires stimulus control is Complex
  • Skinner identifies 2 prob that are related to the analysis of VB controlled by private stimuli. First, “ the investigator cannot readily Point to the Stimuli to which he must appeal in predicting & controlling BX”
  • 2nd “The problem of privacy cannot be fully solved by Instrumental invasion of the organism. No matter how clearly these internal events maybe exposed in the Lab, the fact remains that in the normal verbal episode they are quite Pvt”
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67
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Private Events and his Radical Behaviorism
1, 2, 3

A
  • B.F. Skinner’s philosophical view Radical Behaviorism, concerns the treatment of private stimuli.
    1) BX is a function of the Env - any event in the universe capable of affecting the organism
    2) But part of the universe is enclosed within the organism’s own skin
    3) Some Stimuli or MOs may, therefore, be related to BX in a unique way. The individual’s response to an inflamed tooth.
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68
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Private Events & his Radical Behaviorism
4)

A

4) But we need not suppose tht Private events have Special properties for that reason. They maybe distinguished by their limited accessibility but not, so far as we know, by any special structure/nature. Interoceptive & proprioceptive stimuli are just stimuli, like exteroceptive stimuli. The only Difference is that exteroceptive stimuli can affect more than 1 person in approx the same way

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69
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Private Events & his Radical Behaviorism
5)

A

5) We acquire VB under control of Public stimuli by the reactions of others to our BX in the presence of those stimuli. We also acquire VB controlled by Private stimuli where others cannot make Direct contact with those stimuli. We tact itches, pains, nausea etc. How is it accomplished?

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70
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Private Events & his Radical Behaviorism
6)

A

6) 4 ways: 2 involving Indirect contact with the Pvt stimuli (common public accompaniment & collateral response): Two involving Direct contact with stimuli that are first public but still control VB when they become Private (common properties and response reduction)

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71
Q

*Public Accompaniment

A
  • Occurs when an observable stimulus Accompanies a private stimulus. For e.g. a father may observe a child bump his head on a table while chasing a ball
  • The Public stimuli are available to the father, but not the private and more salient painful stimuli experienced by the child. The father can assume the child is experienced Pain & may say ouch or you hurt urself. In this way, the father is using the bump (observable stimulus) as an opportunity to develop VB under the stimulus control of a pvt stimulus
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72
Q

Collateral Responses

A
  • Parents also teach their children to Tact their Pvt stimuli by using Collateral responses that Reliably occur with Private Stimuli
  • The Same Training procedures with public accompaniment can be used with collateral responses (echoic to tact transfer)
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73
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of PVT Events & his Radical Behaviorism

A
  • The Next 2 procedures use Public stimuli to establish Tacting of PVT events
  • Common Properties: involve Public stimuli, but in a Different way.
  • A speaker may learn to tact temporal, geometrical or descriptive properties of objects & then Generalize those tact relations to PVT stimuli
  • As Skinner (1957) noted “Most of the vocab of emotion is metaphorical in nature. When we describe internal states as ‘agitated’, depressed, or ebullient certain geometrical, temporal & intensive properties have produced a metaphorical extension of responses
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74
Q

Skinner’s Analysis of Private Events & his Radical Behaviorism

A
  • Respondent Reduction: Most speakers learn to tact features of their Own bodies such as movements & positions. The Kinesthetic stimuli arising from the movement & positions can acquire control over the Verbal responses
  • When movements shrink in size the Kinesthetic stimuli may remain sufficiently similar to those resulting from the overt movements that the learner’s tact occurs as an instance of stimulus Generalization
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75
Q

Skinner’s “radical Behaviorism” is primarily related to his analysis of:

a) Verbal Behavior
b) The speaker and the listener
c) Private events
d) Multiple control

A

3) Private events

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76
Q

Public accompaniment occurs when:

a) An observable stimulus occurs along with a private stimulus
b) An observable Bx occurs along with a private stimulus
c) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a private stimulus
d) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert

A

a) An observable stimulus occurs along with a private stimulus

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77
Q

Collateral responses occur when:

1) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a PVT stimulus
2) An observable BX occurs along with a PVT stimulus
3) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert
4) An observable stimulus occurs along with a PVT stimulus

A

2) An observable BX occurs along with a PVT stimulus

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78
Q

Common properties occur when:

a) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert
b) An observable stimulus occurs along with a PVT stimulus
c) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a PVT stimulus
d) An observable BX occurs along with a PVT stimulus

A

c) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a PVT stimulus

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79
Q

Response reduction occurs when:

a) An observable stimulus occurs along with a PVT stimulus
b) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a PVT stimulus
c) An observable Bx occurs along with a Pvt stimulus
d) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert

A

d) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert

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80
Q

In Skinner’s analysis of Private events, part of the env is contained within a person’s skin and __________

a) Must be accounted for in the analysis of Bx
b) Can not be measured, thus is not an antecedent/Bx
c) Will eventually be identified by advancements in medicine
d) Should be ignored

A

a) Must be accounted for in the analysis of Bx

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81
Q

What the Autoclitic Is?

A

-“Part of Bx of an Organism becomes in turn 1 of the variables Controlling another part. There are a-tleast 2 systems of responses, 1 based upon the other. The upper level can Only be understood in terms of its relation to the lower level”

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82
Q

What the Autoclitic Is?

Contd….

A
  • A theme throughout VB is that a speaker can & often does, function as his/her own listener
  • “Converting the speaker into an interested Bystander is certainly the direction in which an analysis of Bx will 1st move”
  • The term “autoclitic” is intended to suggest (verbal) Bx which is based upon/depends upon Other VB
  • In common sense terms the autoclitic is verbal Bx about a speaker’s own VB
  • “Autoclitic Bx is concerned with practical action/with responses on the part of the listener”
  • Autoclitic Bx increases the probability that the listener will behave Appropriately
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83
Q

What the Autoclitic Is

Contd….

A
  • There are always 2 related, but separate 3-term Contingencies to analyze in autoclitic relations
  • Skinner identified these 2 levels of verbal Bx as a “Standard relation” & “an Autoclitic relation”
  • Micheal (1992) suggested that these 2 levels of VB be identified as Primary verbal operants (standard relation) & Secondary verbal operants (Autoclitic relations)
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84
Q

What the Autoclitic is

Contd….

A

The Primary verbal operants are

  • Mand
  • Tact
  • Echoic (copying a text)
  • Intraverbal
  • Textual
  • Transcription
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85
Q

The Autoclitic Tact (Contd…)

A

-Peterson (1978) suggested that Secondary Verbal BX be identified (or sub-divided) as either “autoclitic tacts” or “autoclitic mands” depending on the Source of control relevant to the specific autoclitic to be analyzed

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86
Q

The Autoclitic Tact (Contd…)

A

-The autoclitic tact “Informs the listener” with respect to some nonverbal aspect of the primary response (including its controlling variables) and is therefore controlled by nonverbal stimuli

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87
Q

The Autoclitic Tact (Contd…)

A
  • Autoclitic Tact
  • Child tacts the Controlling variables of his own VB
  • I see
  • Child tacts that it is visual Sd of Mommy is the source of control for the primary tact “mommy”
  • I Think: Child tacts Weakness of the nonverbal source of control & its relation to the primary tact “Mommy”
  • “I Hear”: Child tacts that it is an Auditory Sd of Mommy that is the source of control for the primary tact “Mommy”
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88
Q

The Autoclitic Tact e.g.

A

-Autoclitic responding is Shaped by listeners in several ways for e.g., if a father is wrapping a gift for his child’s mother & the child nearby says, “mommy”, the father may mand to the child to identify the source of control for the response, “mommy” as in, “Did you see her?”

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89
Q

The Autoclitic Tact (contd….)

A
  • The father may Differentially respond to “I see” indicating that clearly “Mommy” is a Tact and the gift should be hidden, rather than just a mand for mommy, in which case it is okay to keep wrapping the Gift
  • It could also be that the source of Control for the Response “mommy” is the gift, as in “That is for Mommy. The autoclitic “That is for” informs the listener that the exact source of nonverbal control for the primary tact “mommy” is the gift & the father can continue wrapping
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90
Q

The Autoclitic Tact (Contd…)

A

“An autoclitic affects the listener by indicating either a property of the Speaker’s Bx or the Circumstances responsible for that Property”

-The autoclitic mand “enjoins the listener” ti behave in some way with respect to the primary response & is controlled by MOs

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91
Q

The Autoclitic Mand (Contd…)

A
  • Autoclitic mands occur frequently to manipulate listener Bx in ways Reinforcing to a particular speaker
  • In the Autoclitics mand there is some specific MO that is controlling the secondary response
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92
Q

The Autoclitic Mand (Contd…)

A
  • Autoclitic mands are Ubiquitos, but since the sources of control are pvt it is difficult for a listener to Tact the fact that MOs are controlling the VB
  • “Hidden Agendas” often reveal themselves to a careful observer who identifies the autoclitic mands that may accompany primary verbal BX
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93
Q

The Autoclitic Mand E.g.

A

A primary intraverbal such as an Ans to a ques about the sales of a particular product may contain an autoclitic Mand such as “I’m sure you will be pleased with the sales” where “ I’m sure you will be pleased” is controlled by the same MO that might control the response “Don’t ask me for any details about the sales”

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94
Q

The Autoclitic (contd…)

A

-The distinction btw what is, and what is not autoclitic Bx, is often difficult, but cannot be made on the Basis of the response firm alone (a major theme in the analysis of all verbal Bx)

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95
Q

The autoclitic involves 2 Behavioral relations where:

a) Part of the Bx of an organism becomes in turn one of the variables controlling another part
b) A stimulus & a response interact
c) Mands & tacts are combined
d) Operant & respondent Bx come together

A

a) Part of the Bx of an organism becomes in turn one of the variables controlling another part

96
Q

When Skinner says, “a speaker becomes his own listener” he means:

a) He records his own voice
b) The speaker & listener are within the same skin
c) This is a type of psychosis
d) Expressive & receptive language can be the same repertoire

A

b) The speaker & listener are within the same skin

97
Q

Autoclitic Bx is concerned with practical action on the part of:

a) The speaker & listener within the same skin
b) The speaker & listener
c) The speaker
d) The listener

A

d) The listener

98
Q

Micheal suggested the “standard relation” and “autoclitic relations” be termed:

a) Autoclitic mands and tacts
b) Primary verbal operants & secondary verbal operants
c) Secondary verbal operants & listener Bx
d) Speaker & Listener relations

A

b) Primary verbal operants & secondary verbal operants

99
Q

Skinner identified the two levels of autoclitic Bx as a “Standard relation” & an “autoclitic relation”. The standard relation consists of:

a) Mands & tacts
b) The speaker & listener
c) All the elementary verbal operants
d) Listener Bx

A

3) All the elementary verbal operants

100
Q

Norm Peterson (1978) suggested the “Secondary Verbal Bx” be identified as either:

a) Autoclitic mands or autoclitic tacts
b) Speaker or listener Bx
c) Operant or respondent Bx
d) Public or Private events

A

a) Autoclitic mands or autoclitic tacts

101
Q

The autoclitic tact informs the listener about some aspect of:

a) The motivation related to the primary response
b) The verbal stimuli related to the primary tact
c) The nonverbal stimuli related to the primary verbal operant
d) Listener Bx

A

c) The nonverbal stimuli related to the primary verbal operant

102
Q

Autoclitic tacting is shaped by listeners in several ways. Listeners often want to know:

a) What exactly controlled a speaker’s response
b) What a speaker is tacting
c) Why speakers and listeners interact
d) If a mand is controlling the response

A

a) What exactly controlled a speaker’s response

103
Q

The autoclitic mand enjoins the listener to Bx in some way with respect to the primary response, & this autoclitic is controlled by:

a) Multiple variables
b) Some type of motivation (MO) related to the primary response
c) The nonverbal stimuli related to the primary tact
d) Listener Bx

A

b) Some type of motivation (MO) related to the primary response

104
Q

What the Autoclitic is NOT

A

-The response “I see” may not be autoclitic at all if it is actually a primary response acquired as a Unit as in “I see mommy”

105
Q

What the Autoclitic is Not

A

-The speaker may not be Tacting the fact that they are, for e.g. seeing vs. hearing the nonverbal source of stimulus control, but emitting the Whole response as a primary tact without any autoclitic activity

106
Q

What the Autoclitic is NOT

A
  • Skinner lists hundreds of e.g of responses that could be autoclitic in chap 12, 13, 14 However functional relations of any type cannot be identified by Form alone. It is very easy to misread all of these e.g.s as autoclitic controlling variables are present
  • Another group of autoclities describe the state of Strength of a response. I guess, I estimate, I believe, I imagine and I surmise
  • Another group: I agree, I confess, I expect, I concede, I infer, I predict, I dare say, I must say, i admit, I reply, I should say and I mean to say
107
Q

Autoclitics and Language Intervention

A

-Early language learners do not emit much autoclitic Bx. Skinner is clear on this point: “It is only wen Verbal Operants of the sort discussed in part II have been established in Strength that the speaker finds himself subject to the additional contingencies which establish autoclitic Bx. Thus autoclitic training should probably Not be a part of an early language intervention prog

108
Q

A response does not contain an autoclitic if it is emitted:

a) Covertly
b) As a listener
c) As a single response
d) Unintentionally

A

c) As a single response

109
Q

You cannot classify a response as an autoclitic based on:

a) Behavior
b) The antecedent
c) The consequence
d) The response form alone

A

d) The response form alone

110
Q

Teaching autoclitic Bx to language delayed children:

a) should only be conducted after they have acquired a strong repertoire of primary verbal operants
b) Cannot be done
c) Should be taught early in a language intervention program
d) Can only occur with autoclitic mands

A

a) should only be conducted after they have acquired a strong repertoire of primary verbal operants

111
Q

Skinner’s (1957) Analysis of Self-Editing

A

“Verbal responses are described & manipulated by the speaker with appropriate Autoclitics which argument & sharpen the effect upon the listener. They are also often examined for their effect upon the speaker or prospective listener & then either rejected/released. This process of Editing is an additional Activity of the speaker

112
Q

The Rejection of Verbal Behavior

A

“A response which has been emitted in Overt form maybe recalled or revoked by an additional response” (p 369)
“Subvocal Bx can, ofcourse, be revoked before it has been emitted Audibly”
-“Much of the self-stimulation required in the autoclitic description & composition of VB seems to occur Prior to even subaudible Emission (371)
-“In both written & vocal Bx changes are made on the spur of the moment & so Rapidly that we cannot reasonably attribute them to actual review of the Covert forms
-The subject is a difficult 1 cuz it has all the disadv of private stimulation
-“A speaker usually rejects a response cuz it has been Punished”

113
Q

Why Verbal Bx is Punished?

A
  • “Verbal BX maybe objectionable to the listener simply as noise”
  • “VB is frequently punished cuz of deficient stimulus control”
  • The Effects of Punishment: Concealing the identity of the speaker, Recession to the covert level, talking to one’s self, Disguised speech.
114
Q

The Autoclitics of Editing

A

-“One form of editing which involves an obvious process of review & revision consists of emitting the response but Qualifying it with an autoclitic which Reduces the threat of Punishment”

115
Q

Positive Consequences

A

“The Automatic reinforcement of verbal Bx also pays a role in the process of editing”

-“Many other Positive Consequences come into play when VB is produced to satisfy specifications”

116
Q

Skinner’s Summary of Self-Editing

A

“The Production of Raw VB following the principles outlined in parts II & III comes 1st. Autoclitic responses or activities part IV then occur. The resulting Bx may not immediately reach the Ultimate listener. Cuz of Punishment of other BX it maybe held up for review by the speaker or writer. Changes occur in the act of Review which lead to rejection, to emission in a qualified form, of full-fledged emission. Often the process is not complete until the emission. Often the process is not complete until the Speaker has resorted to other activities to produce alternative forms of responses.

117
Q

Special Conditions of Self-Editing

A

“VB is not always subject to the review discussed in the last chap (384)

  • Defective feedback
  • Defective self-observation
  • Defective responses to controlling variables
  • Automatic VB
118
Q

Self-Strengthening of VB

A

“In the process of composition & editing the speaker arranges, qualifies, withholds or releases VB which already exists in some strength in his Repertoire”

119
Q

Skinner suggests that the process of self-editing VB is:

a) Always a mand
b) Automatically reinforcement Bx
c) An additional activity of the speaker
d) Always a tact

A

c) An additional activity of the speaker

120
Q

Verbal Behavior maybe punished because it:

a) Is objectionable to the listener
b) Is not immediately reinforced
c) Does not contain autoclitics
d) Is a mand

A

a) Is objectionable to the listener

121
Q

VB that is punished may result in:

a) Emotional trauma
b) A reduction in mading
c) A speaker becoming a listener
d) A speaker concealing his identity

A

d) A speaker concealing his identity

122
Q

The type of reinforcement that often occurs with self-editing is:

a) Intermittent reinforcement
b) Delayed reinforcement
c) Automatic reinforcement
d) Unconditional reinforcement

A

c) Automatic reinforcement

123
Q

An application of Skinner’s Analysis of Self-Editing:

4 Types of Self-Editing Problems

A
  • There are multiple variables involved in self-editing & it is perhaps one of the most Complex types of verbal Behavior
  • There are different Contingencies in effect for the many different e.g of unedited VB presented by Skinner (1957)
  • A functional analysis of VB can be used to identify the different contingencies
124
Q

“Caring”

A
  • One type of History & current E.O results in wat might be identified as a speaker who “cares” about appropriate & effective verbal behavior reaching a specific listener
  • Can Be Defined as: BX evoked, in part by an EO involving a high value of Positive Listener responses to VB due to a particular Conditioning history
  • For e.g., A Speaker who Teaches parents basic Bx modification cares about the way his listeners react to his VB cuz he has a strong EO for producing certain positive effects on the listener due to his conditioning history
125
Q

“NOT Caring”

A
  • Some speaker emit Socially inappropriate or ineffective VB as a result of their particular conditioning history & their current EOs. These speakers maybe classified as “Not Caring: about their VB producing positive effects on a specific listener
  • “Not Caring”: BX evoked by an EO related to a high value of negative listener reaction due to a specific conditioning history, or VB evoked by a discriminative stimulus, without an EO variable related to positive listener reaction, also due to a particular conditioning history
126
Q

“Not Caring e.g.”

A

-A speaker who emits racial slurs doesn’t care about a positive reaction from the targeted listener, but may care about the listener reaction from a group of peers. The person of a different race & the presence of a peer group may be stimuli in the presence of which particular responses have a history of RX

127
Q

“Not caring” (contd…)

A

-The EO related to this reinforcement maybe strong at that particular moment. It is also possible that the speaker is RX by the negative reaction of the listener to who, the slur is directed

128
Q

“Aware”

A

-A speaker who can & does Tact his own VB the sources of control for his VB & a listener’s response to his Bx, maybe classified as being “Aware” of the effects of his VB on listeners

129
Q

“Aware” defined by Skinner:

A

“We are aware of wat we are doing when we can describe the Topography of our Bx. We are aware of why we are doing it when we describe the relevant variables, such as the imp aspects of the occasion of the RX”

-For e.g. an Aware speaker may Tact the fact tht listeners are looking away him & attending to other stimuli, he may then engage in certain types of sell-editing that may Alter the Listener Bx

130
Q

“Unaware”

A

-Some speakers, However, Do Not tact the Contingencies related to their VB & are not under good Audience stimulus control. These Speakers maybe classified as being “Unaware” of the effects of their VB

131
Q

“Unaware” can be Defined as:

A

This Failure to Tact one’s own Bx & the variables of which it is a function
-For e.g., a person who has consumed large amounts of alcohol may fail to Tact the fact that his VB is Loud, Offensive & Socially inappropriate. In addition the typical consequences, which reduce the probability of such Bx under other circumstances are ineffective

132
Q

Aware and Caring

“Weak Verbal Repertoires”

A
  • Intraverbal sequences that are “Hard to Follow”
  • Mands for irrelevant or Odd info
  • Not getting to the point
  • Weak public speaking repertoire
  • Weak Intraverbals
  • Weal Mands for info
  • Weak Autoclitics
133
Q

Analysis of Aware & Caring

A

-These speakers have an EO to be effective & Know that they are often not good speakers. This week Repertoire may produce Emotional by-products often identified as low self-esteem, shyness, low self-concept or social phobias, lack of confidence or have personal interaction prob. They may emit defensive VB such as “I’m not making myself clear” or “I know I’m not saying this well”

134
Q

Analysis of Aware and Caring

A
  • These speakers may have a history involving too much Punishment & not enough RX
  • Their EO for effective VB is strong
  • Their Basic Intraverbal repertoire & self-editing repertoire maybe weak or defective
135
Q

Intervention

A

-Of the 4 different groups presented in this classification, this group seems to be the Most likely to seek treatment, & have a successful treatment outcome. Intervention strategies are Plentiful. Skinner describes several techniques for teaching a willing participant to edit their own VB

136
Q

Intervention (Contd….)

A
  • “A person who has been ‘made Aware of himself” is in a better position to predict & control his own Bx
  • However, “Sustained awareness can be a disadvantage. There is no reason why we should scrutinize every response we make, or examine every occasion upon which we respond”
137
Q

Unaware & Caring: “High Rate of Trivial Verbal Bx”

A
  • Uncontrolled intraverbal Bx in the form of idle chatter
  • Useless tasting of commonplace stimuli
  • High Rate of Mands
  • Dominates a conversation
  • “Never shuts up”
  • Too loud & noisy
  • Exaggerating
  • Excessive repetition
  • A rasping tone
  • Undue sibilance
  • Heavy alliteration
  • Heavy use of cliches
  • Singsong
  • Too obvious
  • Too commonplace
  • Shopworn
  • Lots of Bad jokes
138
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Unaware but Caring

A
  • Insufficient punishment history
  • Differential Rx history
  • MO for listener attention
  • Automatic Rx
  • Defective audience control
  • Defective stimulus control
  • Failure to Tact own Bx
  • Weak listener repertoires
  • Strong intraverbal & mand repertoires
  • Failure to emit appropriate autoclitcs
139
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Unaware but Caring

A
  • Typically, punishment reduces this Bx (skinner) but there may not be Enough Punishment along with too much differential Rx & a strong EO for attention
  • They maybe automatically reinforced by their Own VB
  • They may have weak Listener repertoires or weal Eos for the other person’s point of view, areas of interest or Eos
  • They may Fail to Tact the effects of their VB on their listeners, hence fail to emit the appropriate autoclitic Bx of self-editing Bx to decrease the aversive effects of their VB
  • All of these variables may Combine to evoke an excessive amount of VB
140
Q

Intervention

A

This population may not Seek treatment cuz they are “Unaware” that there is a prob, but intervention could be quite successful
-Skinner suggests a potential intervention strategy for this group “A mere reduction of the relative freq of RX would reduce this activity but probably not to a reasonable level. The process of Extinction as employed in discrimination, brings VB under appropriate stimulus control, but the condition under which VB is reinforced are so extensive & so confusing tht something more is probably needed. The process of editing generated by Punishment greatly increases the appropriateness of VB to all features of an occasion, including the audience

141
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Aware and Uncaring

A
  • Insufficient punishment history
  • Insufficient reinforcement history
  • Excessive punishment history
142
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Aware and Uncaring

A
  • Speakers who fall in this category have a Unique Rx and Punishment history
  • The typical social punishers used by Verbal community have been ineffective & often a select Verbal community has provided differential Rx for the Offending VB, esp when directed towards others
  • These individuals maybe able to tact the effects of their Bxs on listeners, but they are reinforced by the negative reactions
  • Many children with dev disabilities are reinforced by reprimands & negative of listeners. Some ppl just like to piss other ppl off
143
Q

Intervention

A
  • Speakers who emit this type of VB probably do not seek treatment cuz they do not feel as if anything is Wrong
  • They see the prob as being in the Listener who “can’t take a joke’ or is a Wimp
  • Therefore it maybe quite difficult to change this Bx cuz of the difficulty to Control the relevant contingencies
144
Q

Unaware & Uncaring DSD, MI Drugs and Alcohol

A
  • Illogical rambling
  • Incoherent, mumbling
  • Delusional
  • Self-talk
  • Far-fetched intraverbal sequences…“Flight of ideas”
  • Odd mands
145
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Unaware and Uncaring

A
  • Biological, medical, physiological
  • MR/MI/DD diagnosis
  • Drugs/alcohol
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Basic verbal & Social Skills deficits
  • All of above Environmental variables
146
Q

An Analysis of the Causes of Unaware & Uncaring

A
  • Speakers who emit this type of unedited verbal Bx don’t care if they Offend their listeners
  • They don’t care about the effects of their VB on others
  • The don’t tact their own VB or the controlling variables
  • They may largely be their OWN listeners in that they are automatically reinforced by their own VB
147
Q

Intervention

A
  • With the exception of children & some DD individuals, this group is not very Susceptible to intervention
  • Punishment is probably ineffective with this population
148
Q

A person who is aware of his verbal problems & cares about the effects of his VB on others

a) Will not seek treatment
b) May have weak public speaking repertoires
c) Is generally obnoxious to others
d) Has no Motivation to improve himself

A

b) May have weak public speaking repertoires

149
Q

A person who is aware of his Verbal Bx but does not care about the effects of his VB on others:

a) Is very kind to others at certain times
b) May have weak public speaking repertoires
c) Will usually seek treatment for his problems
d) Is often reinforced by negative reactions from others

A

d) Is often reinforced by negative reactions from others

150
Q

A person who is unaware of his verbal problems & cares about the effects of his VB on others:

a) Tends to dominate a conversation
b) Will seek help from professionals
c) Assumes it is always the other guy who can’t take a joke
d) Is rude in public

A

a) Tends to dominate a conversation

151
Q

A person who is unaware of his VB & does not care about the effects of his VB on others

a) Knows that he is hard to understand
b) May have some type of mental illness
c) Is automatically reinforced by the reactions of others
d) Will seek treatment

A

b) May have some type of mental illness

152
Q

Conclusions

A

“Self-editing is one step Beyond the Autoclitic. It is the Highest form of VB
-Punishment seems to be the Main independent variable responsible for shaping self-editing
Ofcourse RX also pays a role, as well as Eos, stimulus control, automatic & intermittent RX & the other behavioral principles

153
Q

Aaron B

A

“Men act upon the world, & change it, & are changes imp turn by the consequences of their Action.”

154
Q

Alfred North Whitehead

A

“Let me see you account for my BX as I site here saying….

-Universal algebra

155
Q

Linguistic Theory (Wat constitutes “Language?”

A

1) Biolinguistics
2) Cognitive Linguistics
3) Environmental (VB)

156
Q

Biological (Chomsky)

Linguistic theory

A

-Rules of language are Innate

157
Q

Cognitive (Brown)

Linguistic theory

A

-Mental processing underlies language

158
Q

Environmental (Skinner)

Linguistic theory

A

-Environmental contingencies establish language

159
Q

Traditional Analysis of Language (Typically Cognitive influence)

A
  • Receptive Vs Expressive
  • Focus on Form (parts of word: Phonemes, morphemes)
  • Effect on Listener
160
Q

Traditional Assessments

A
  • Focus on Receptive Vs Expressive distinction

- Can break these down further using a VB approach

161
Q

Skinner’s Analysis

Wat does it for Speaker?

A

I.e., How does it Function? Env Conditions

  • A-B-C
  • Address language without referring to an underlying cognitive process
162
Q

Skinner’s Analysis

*Avoided Expressive/Receptive distinction

A
  • To Skinner it implied:
  • Diff manifestations of same underlying cognitive process
  • Listener BX constituted language
  • “Understanding” essentially the same as “Expressing”
163
Q

Skinner’s Definition

A
  • BX Reinforced through the mediation of other persons
  • Verbal Episode: Speaker & (Trained) Listener
  • Description, then explanation
164
Q

Role of Listener

A
  • Requisite component
  • SD/MO (Audience)
  • Consequates Speaker’s BX
  • Takes action
165
Q

AKA

Role of Listener

A
  • Listener Responding
  • “Receptive Language”
  • Listener Discriminations
  • Nonverbal Operant BX (Compliance/manded stimulus selection/Following instructions)
166
Q

OWN Listener

A
  • Talking to yourself
  • Thoughts
  • Silently repeating what you hear
  • Self-editing
167
Q

Multiple Control

A
  • Verbal responses very often are “Impure” Operants
  • 2 general types (Michael)
  • Convergent
  • Divergent
168
Q

-Converegent

A
  • Multiple variables that evoke the same response
  • MO = Pizza
  • Sight of item = Pizza
169
Q

Divergent

A
  • Single antecedent tht can evoke diff responses

- sd “Hello” = Hi, How are you?, Great to see you!

170
Q

Intraverbals

A
  • Multiple Control
  • Conditioning Discrimination
  • “What’s your Mom’s name?”
  • Entertainment, Humor, Art
171
Q
  • Verbal Extensions

- Generalization

A
  • Generic
  • Metaphoric
  • Metonymal
  • Solistic
172
Q

Problem of Privacy

A
  • Only 1 person has Access

- How, then, do we learn to talk about things when only 1 person is experiencing the stimulation?

173
Q

*Privacy

A
  • Public Accompaniment
  • Collateral Responses
  • Common Properties
  • Response Reduction
174
Q

Public Accompaniment

A

-Others can see an event happen or results (e.g. fall on sidewalk, tissue damage etc)

175
Q

Collateral Responses

A

-Observable Bx that reliably occurs with Private stimuli (e.g. crying & holding area)

176
Q

Common Properties

A

-Metaphorical extensions (e.g. Sharp pain; Tightness; etc)

177
Q

Response Reduction

A

-Once observaba response become covert (e.g. silent reading)

178
Q

Autoclitic

A
  • Improves the precision of exchange
  • More efficient responding by listener
  • Layered 3-term contingencies
  • Not defined by Form
179
Q

Autoclitic

A
  • Form is not as important as what is altered

- “I think”, or “I hear” are not autoclitics unless we know what it does to the primary response

180
Q

Self-editing

A
  • Caring

- Aware

181
Q

Aware

A
  • What are we talking about when we say “Aware?”
  • Can Tact the full Contingency:
  • Own VB
  • Source of control
  • Listener’s response
182
Q

Caring

(Wat are we talking about wen we say “Cares”?

A
  • EO for positive listener responses
  • “Not Caring”
  • EO for Negative responses, or AO for positive responses
183
Q

*Aware, Caring

A
  • Too much editing, hard to follow, trouble “getting to the point” -> Weak verbal repertoire
  • Too much punishment history; high EO for effective VB, Receptive to TX, most likely to seek TX
184
Q

*Aware, Not Caring

A
  • Negative, Punishing, Spoilers, Lies -> Offensive
  • Insufficient punishment history for inappropriate VB, excessive punishment history for appropriate VB; Insufficient Rx history (Not likely to seek Tx: don’t think anything is wrong) -Uncaring means different motivating factors, thinks others can’t take a joke
185
Q

*Not Aware, Caring

A
  • Dominates conversation, idle chatter, Excessive repetition -> High rate of trivial VB
  • Insufficient punishment history; weak listener rep; own VB automatic; weak tact rep of other Bx (don’t seek Tx, don’t know it’s a prob)
186
Q

*Not aware, Not Caring

A
  • Sleep deprivation, drugs, DD -> delusional, self-talk, illogical rambling
  • Medical, Medicinal, Diagnosis. Other than the DD population & children, not very susceptible to intervention
187
Q

_______ issued the challenge that sparked Skinner’s writing VB. ______ later critiques Skinner’s book

a) Whitehead; Brown
b) Brown; Pinker
c) Chomsky; Whitehead
d) Whitehead; Chomsky

A

d) Whitehead; Chomsky

188
Q

Josh is studying how the use of regular and irregular verb forms is a result of the interaction between memory and computational processes.
A. Biological
B. Cognitive
C. Behavioral

A

B) Cognitive

189
Q

Which terms are most closely associated with a cognitive approach to language use and development?

A. Contingencies, Trained Audience
B. Processing Systems, Encoding
C. Codics, Duplics
D. Universal Grammar, Language Acquisition Device

A

B. Processing Systems, Encoding

190
Q

Focusing on how the form (including morphemes and phenomes) and structure of language changes over time is which type of analysis:

A. Skinner’s verbal behavior
B. “Traditional” account

A

B) “Traditional” account

191
Q

One issue with using the expressive- receptive distinction is

A. Lay audience is not familiar with these terms
B. They are functionally equivalent terms
C. It implies same process underlies these different types of behavior
D. Less specific than Speaker-Listener

A

C. It implies same process underlies these different types of behavior

192
Q

Which is essential in a verbal episode:

A. Strong MO
B. Non-verbal response
C. A separate person as listener
D. A listener response

A

D) A listener response

193
Q

“Listening” can include which:

A. Hearing
B. Observing Signs C. Reading
D. All of the above
E. A and B, not C

A

D) All of the above

194
Q

Listener behavior can include which:

A. Vocal responses
B. Selection
C. Emotional Responses 
D. All of the above
E. A and B, not C
A

D) All of the above

195
Q

You see the rain outside when someone asks, “What’s the weather like today?” You respond, “It’s raining.”

A. Convergent Multiple Control
B. Divergent Multiple Control
C. Pure Intraverbal
D. Pure Tact

A

A. Convergent Multiple Control

196
Q

Which extension is associated with errors or defective tacts?

A. Generic
B. Metaphoric
C. Metonymal
D. Solistic

A

D) Solistic

197
Q

You see and hear co-worker groan and hold their jaw. You are assuming they are experiencing tooth pain because you can see what?

A. Public Accompaniment
B. Collateral Responses
C. Common Properties
D. Response Reduction

A

B) Collateral Responses

198
Q

Tony thinks everyone it “too sensitive” and continuously insults others and tells offensive jokes. He likely falls in what category?

A. Aware, Caring
B. Unaware, Uncaring
C. Unaware, Caring
D. Aware, Uncaring

A

D) Aware, Uncaring

199
Q

Tracy uses cautious long-winded explanations and has a hard time explaining exactly what she means. She tends to over-edit even her emails.

A. Aware, Caring
B. Unaware, Uncaring
C. Unaware, Caring
D. Aware, Uncaring

A

A) Aware, Caring

200
Q

1) Systematic Analysis of Language

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Punishment
  • Generalization
  • Discrimnation
  • Motivation
201
Q

2) Behavioral understanding of Language through e.g’s

A
  • VB is Bx i.e reinforced by the actions of another person
  • Verbal Bx acts upon the social world (cuz it effects the Bx of listener)
  • Skinner uses the same analysis & principles of Bx that he applied to nonverbal Bx
  • Analyze the env conditions tht control the Bx: A-B-C
202
Q

Traditional/Linguistic

A
  • Form & Structure
  • Words & “Meaning”
  • Measure: Phonemes & Morphemes
  • Effect on Listener
203
Q

Skinnerian

A
  • Functional
  • Unit of Analysis: Operant- A-B-C
  • Bx of the speaker
204
Q

Speaker (Verbal BX)

A
  • Emits verbal response
  • The Bx: The person Speaking, Signing, Writing
  • Verbalizer
205
Q

Listener

A
  • Provides antecedents (SD) & con
  • Related to “receptive” language
  • Mediator
  • Nonverbal BX
206
Q

*Speaker

A

-Someone who engraves in VB by emitting Mands, Tacts, Intraverbals, Autoclitics etc. A speaker is also someone who uses sign language, gestures, signals, written words, codes, pictures or any form of VB

207
Q

*Listener

A

-Someone who provides SR+ for VB. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking VB. The distinction btw listener & speaker is often blurred by the fact that much of a listener’s Bx may involve becoming a speaker at the covert level. Often a speaker maybe his own listener

208
Q

“Receptive Language”

A
  • Listener Bx, Mediator Bx, Receptive Response, Manded compliance or manned stimulus selection, non-verbal operant bx
  • There needs to be a speaker & listener in order for this Bx to occur
  • The listener is responding to the VB of a speaker
  • If there isn’t a speaker then it is just non-verbal Bx
209
Q

*Covert VB

A
  • The speaker can function as their own listener/audience!
  • Covert VB: thinking, understanding, prob solving, processing
  • All the verbal operants are possible
  • Linguists are concerned with the listener & wat words mean to them
210
Q

Verbal Operants

A
  • All instances of VB can be classified into Verbal Operants
  • Functional Units of lang A-B-C
  • Units of lang make up an individual’s verbal repertoire
  • Functionally independent of each other
  • Each shares a common antecedent & consequence
  • Typical development: transfer across operants occurs rapidly & without direct teaching
  • Those w/ASD, transfer procedures are often required to teach verbal operants
211
Q

*Mand Vs. Tact

A
  • Skinner wrote tht Tact was most imp Operant

- Strong argument that mands are more imp

212
Q

*Mands

A
  • Response directly benefits the speaker

- Learn something about the condition (MO) of the speaker

213
Q

*Tacts:

A
  • Response benefits the listener
  • Learn something about the condition of the current env
  • Allows speaker to identify & describe features of his/her env
214
Q

*Duplics Cont…

A
  • Echoic, mimetic, copying a text
  • All have point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity
  • Mirrored responses
  • Imitation of words/sounds (echoic)
  • Imitation of Signs (mimetic)
  • Imitation of pic selection (mimetic)
  • Copying a text
  • They all have a verbal response & a response with pt-pt correspondence & formal similarity & have generalized rein
215
Q

Codic

A
  • Has pt-pt correspondence with an antecedent Verbal stimulus
  • Does not have Formal Similarity includes:
    1) Textual (reading)
    2) Diction (transcription)
    3) Finger spelling words tht are heard
216
Q

*Codic: Textual

A
  • Point to Point correspondence & no formal similarity
  • Verbal Stim -> B) Codic -> SR+
    e. g. saying word “BX” in response to printed word “bx”
217
Q

*Code: Transcription

A
  • Point to Point correspondence & No formal similarity

* Vocal Verbal STIM -> Spelling/writing -> SR+

218
Q

Multiply Controlled Operants

A

-Responses can occur in multiple Operants & can be controlled by 1 or more stimuli & 1 or more consequences
A) More than 1 STIM -> B) Verbal Res-> C: SR+

219
Q

*Skinner

A
  • Skinner provides a verbal Bx analysis of some of the most complex aspects of language including syntax & Grammar
  • Covered complex grammar (12-14)
  • Past & present tense verbs
  • Pronouns
  • Prepositions
  • Auxiliary verbs
  • Plurals
220
Q

Autoclitics

A
  • Skinner differentiates the primary verbal operants, e.g. Mand, Tact, Intraverbal etc. from secondary verbal operants know as autoclitics
  • “The term autoclitics is intended to suggest Bx which is based upon/depends upon other VB
  • It only occurs in conjunction with primary verbal operants. It does not occur alone!
  • No pt tp pt correspondence & no formal similarity
221
Q

*Autoclitics

A

“The term ‘autoclitic’, is intended to suggest VB which is based upon or depends upon other VB

  • It’s VB about VB!
  • The speaker may use VB about his own BX. Or you can think of some autoclitics as “self-descriptive”
  • Michael (1992) suggests using the terms: Primary Verbal Operants (Standard relation), secondary verbal operants (autoclitic relations)
222
Q

Audience

A
  • Operant Bx that has an effect on env only through the mediation of another person
  • Bx shaped & maintained by socially mediated consequences
  • Composed of Listeners belonging to Trained verbal community
  • VB is shaped & maintained by a verbal env transmitted from 1 generation to another
  • Tied to cultural selection
223
Q

Autoclitics

A

-Involves two 3-term contingencies in which a speakers own Vbx function as an SD or MO for additional speaker Verbal Bx
-Autoclitics can take the form of specific words, tags (prefix or suffixes) and word order
For E.g. Tact: “Horse” (primary operant)
Ex: Autoclitic tacts: I see a horse

224
Q

Autoclitics

A
  • Autoclitics as mands:
  • Controlled by Eos & can manipulate the listener Bx in way they are RX to speaker
  • Please give me the blue play-doh
  • I want that car
  • Can I have the toy in the box
225
Q

Autoclitic Summary

A
  • Autoclitic increase the probability that the listener will behave appropriately or effectively by coming into contact with the circumstances tht control the speaker VB. The Speaker’s Bx is then rein by more accurate Bx by the listener
  • Learners must 1st acquire a strong verbal repertoire of primary operants b4 autoclitic Bx will occur
  • Make sure learner has prerequisite skills first
  • Therapist need to be able to identify the controlling variables
226
Q

*Private Events

A
  • The speaker can function as an audience for his/her own Vb
  • Remember Bx is fx of the env & some stimuli originate within the skin
  • Skinner’s philosophical view, Radical Behaviorism, concerns the Trt by pvt stimuli
  • We acquire VB by public stimuli & by Pat stimuli e.g. Tacting; itches, pains, nausea
227
Q

Private Events

A
  • Public accompaniment: an Observable Stimulus (bumping head/fall down) accompanies a pvt event/stimulus (pain)
  • Ex: Learn to id wat is going on in ur body accurately (parent teaches child when they bump their head)
228
Q

Private Events

A
  • Collateral Response: an observable Bx (didn’t see kid fall but sees him holding head/crying) occurs along with pvt stimulus
  • e.g: Laughing/smiling correlated with joy/happiness
  • Target stimulus MUST be preset in order to teach the Tact of a the Priavte event!
229
Q

Rejection of VB & Punishment

A
  • Punishment seems to be the main indep. variable responsible for shaping self-editing this increases the appropriateness of Vb
  • RX, Eos, stimulus control, automatic Rx & the other Behavioral principles all play a role in the analysis of VB
  • If all ur VB were rein you would talk all the Time!!
230
Q

Rejection of VB & Punishment

A
  • Recalling/Revoking by an additional response: ex: “I didn’t mean that” Oops
  • Concealing the identity of the speaker
  • “Recession to the covert level” self editing occurs before: or not say what I am thinking
  • Talking to one’s self
  • Disguised speech
  • We only emit so many Verbal responses due to punishment. Otherwise it would occur at a very high rate. So we have a careful balance of only emitting so many v responses. This establishes stronger stimulus control
231
Q

4 types of self-editing problems

A

1) Caring - Evoked by EO, high value of Pos LR to VB
2) Uncaring: Evoked by EO of neg listener reaction
3) Aware: Tacts own Vb, tacts sources of control for his VB, tact the listeners response to his/her vb
4) Unaware: Failure to Tact one’s own Bx & the variables of which it is a fx

232
Q

Mand -

A
  • Requesting, demanding, asking a ques Hint Reprimand, Demand, Command, Tact-naming, Labeling
  • Hint: Senses Contact the env
233
Q

Intraverbal

A

-Word sequence, word associates, Verbal CSDs are also the main sources of control for most intraverbal Bx

234
Q

Echoic (D)

A
  • Saying words that you hear
  • Copying a text (D) - writing words that you see
  • Mimetic (D) - making sign you see someone else make -Textual (C) - saying words that you see
  • Taking dictation (C): Writing words that you hear
235
Q

Conclusion

A

As Bx analysts it is imp to know about VB & it’s controlling variables to support understanding in language deficits & errors prevalent to populations tht Bx analysts commonly work with such as ASD, DD & TBI patients. The analysis should aid in identifying barriers to language & lead to more effective programming & teaching procedures for learners acquiring functional language to have a better quality of life!

j5020B (8 decks)

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