Unit 1-9 Review Flashcards
(63 cards)
The increased food production accompanying the introduction of Champa rice into China from Vietnam during the eleventh century best illustrates which of the following?
Responses
A. The reliance of China on food imports
B. The importance of Vietnam to the world economy
C. The stimulation of agriculture by technological innovation
D. The influence of China on neighboring societies
C
Image 1:
The figure presents an image of an illustrated Song-Dynasty scroll, copied during the Yuan-Dynasty. The illustration depicts four men operating a mechanical water wheel with their feet, bringing water up to an elevated rice paddy.
Purchase, W. M. Keck Foundation Gift and other gifts, in memory of Douglas Dillon, 2005
Workers irrigating a rice field by powering a mechanical water wheel with their feet
Image 2:
The figure presents an image of an illustrated Song-Dynasty scroll, copied during the Yuan-Dynasty. The figure presents an image of an illustrated scroll. The image shows men, women, and children working in teams to cut and bundle stalks of rice.
Purchase, W. M. Keck Foundation Gift and other gifts, in memory of Douglas Dillon, 2005
Men, women, and children harvesting rice
The activity depicted in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following characteristics of China’s economy before 1450 ?
A
The influence of Confucian labor policies
B
The impact of innovations borrowed from surrounding states
C
The reliance on systems of peasant labor
D
The dependence on trade along the Silk Roads
C
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following best describes the effect of the spread of Islam on Indian Ocean trade?
A
It led to the expansion and intensification of commerce along already existing trade routes.
B
It led to the disappearance of previously established trade networks.
C
It led to an expansion of land-based caravan trade but also to a decline of maritime trade.
D
It led to the first creation of trade links between previously isolated world regions.
A
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China?
A
Japan had established a decentralized power structure under a shogun by the eleventh century C.E.
B
Warriors or samurai gained substantial power and social status in Japan.
C
Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.
D
The Shinto religion continued to exert a strong influence on Japanese culture.
C
Which of the following staple crops is most associated with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations?
A
Manioc
B
Potatoes
C
Beans
D
Maize
E
Rice
D
The Chinese concept “Mandate of Heaven” was sometimes used to justify
A
widow immolation
B
reincarnation
C
monogamy
D
rebellion
E
foot binding
D
“[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China’s productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . .
In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged.”
Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China’s Examination Hell, book published in 1963
Which of the following best describes the author’s claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph?
A
The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society.
B
The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society.
C
By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society.
D
By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century.
A
The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by
A
opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia
B
increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions
C
decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans
D
discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads
C
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia?
A
The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East
B
The consolidation of western European monarchies
C
The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China
D
The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe
A
Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the
A
unifying influence of Islam
B
excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia
C
political unity of Africa and Asia
D
widespread use of paper money
A
Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true?
A
The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.
B
The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution.
C
In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class.
D
The Mongols conquered Constantinople.
A
A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of
A
iron and copper mining techniques
B
the flying shuttle and spinning jenny
C
the science of optics and lens design
D
numerals and the decimal system
D
Which of the following led most directly to the development of the trading network on the map?
A
The growth of trading cities on the Swahili Coast
B
Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies such as caravanserai
C
The overall decline in the trade of goods along the Silk Roads
D
The emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in West Africa
B
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?
A
The Mongol Empire
B
The Russian Empire
C
The Byzantine Empire
D
The Ottoman Empire
A
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
A
The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not.
B
The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
C
The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not.
D
The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
B
In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).
Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?
A
The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe.
B
The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe.
C
The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society.
D
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.
B
“Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as ‘dancing,’ and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle.”
*religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire
Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656
Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750?
A
Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia
B
The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world
C
The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia
D
The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire
C
“The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power.”
King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610
The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?
A
European monarchs’ continued use of religion to legitimize political authority
B
The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades
C
The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia
D
The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England
A
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above?
A
To demonstrate their wealth and power
B
To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders
C
To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies
D
To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion
A
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century?
A
In both empires the majority of the people were Muslims.
B
Both empires had powerful navies that engaged European navies.
C
Both empires expanded through the use of gunpowder weapons and extensive bureaucracies.
D
Both empires gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.
C
The changes depicted in Map 1 were mostly a result of which of the following?
A
The Ottoman alliance with France against rival Christian powers
B
The decline of surrounding empires and the Ottoman Empire’s use of gunpowder weapons
C
The Ottoman Empire’s unrivaled naval superiority in the Mediterranean
D
The power vacuum left by the collapse of the Umayyad caliphate
B
“Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind.”
Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967
Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby’s argument in the passage above?
A
Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492.
B
Amerindians’ long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.
C
The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492.
D
By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.
B
All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT
A
the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast
B
destabilization of local African societies
C
the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market
D
increased violence through widespread use of firearms
C
Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange?
A
The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas
B
The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas
C
Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas
D
European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia
B
