Unit 1-4 Review Flashcards
(27 cards)
All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450–1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey’s claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage?
A
The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.
B
Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi‘a Muslims.
C
Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite.
D
The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
A
Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey’s claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
A
The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies
B
The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration
C
The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas
D
The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
C
Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph?
A
Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire.
B
Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order.
C
Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.
D
The Ottoman Empire’s policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.
C
Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?
A
States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.
B
The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.
C
The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.
D
States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
D
The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT
A
the Safavid Empire
B
the Qing (Manchu) Empire
C
the Aztec (Mexica) Empire
D
the Ottoman Empire
C
All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author’s claim that the “pestilence” was “terrible” EXCEPT:
A
The Maya king died in the epidemic.
B
Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide.
C
The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests.
D
The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.
D
Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish “destroyed our people”?
A
The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya.
B
The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.
C
Maya people became poor.
D
The Spanish assassinated the king’s eldest son.
B
The purpose of Ibn Battuta’s account was most likely to
A
glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia
B
warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean
C
encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce
D
inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
D
Ibn Battuta’s claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200–1450 ?
A
Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups.
B
Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires.
C
Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.
D
Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.
C
Based on Ibn Battuta’s description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a
A
Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity
B
Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence
C
Shi’a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion
D
Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
D
The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200–1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the
A
conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders
B
expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia
C
Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon
D
fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate
D
Muslim scholars’ incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that
A
most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century
B
European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia
C
Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical
D
Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia
D
Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by
A
being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers
B
serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost
C
expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research
D
learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists
C
A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to
A
promote religious war against fellow Christians
B
encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
C
demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
D
reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
D
A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church
A
had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land
B
had become corrupted by power
C
had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism
D
had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
B
The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?
A
The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies
B
The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate
C
The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
D
The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C
The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?
A
The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily.
B
Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
C
Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty.
D
The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B
Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?
A
The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead.
B
The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
C
The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent.
D
The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
B
The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?
A
The collection of tribute
B
Establishment of religious uniformity
C
Abolition of feudal privileges
D
The granting of autonomy to minority groups
A
The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
A
Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power
B
Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict
C
Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority
D
Attempts by imperial states to control population growth
C
The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450–1750 ?
A
Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects
B
Rulers using art to expand their territories
C
Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy
D
Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
D
Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
A
The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.
B
Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain.
C
Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China.
D
The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.
A
The author’s claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following?
A
The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities
B
The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits
C
The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires
D
The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies
A
Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia?
A
The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires.
B
The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states.
C
The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas.
D
The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.
D
