Unit 1: Basic Concepts

Question 1

A branch of philosophy that deals with the questions and standards of what is right and what is wrong

Answer 1

Ethics
or
Moral Philosophy

Question 2

The Latin word from which ethics came from

Answer 2

ethos
meaning character or moral nature

Question 3

Refer to the rules that affect the choice of a person but are not linked to moral or ethical considerations

Answer 3

Non-Moral Standards

Question 4

These affect the way a person develops their moral principles and guidelines but do not necessarily have moral implications

Answer 4

Non-Moral Standards

Question 5

Refer to the rules that affect the choice of a person and their belief system and decision-making process in problems and situations that beg the question of what is morally right and wrong

Answer 5

Moral Standards

Question 6

5 characteristics of Moral Standards

Answer 6

• Concern with the welfare of beings
• Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
• Overriding or hegemonic
• Impartial, fair, and just
• Special emotions and vocabulary

Question 7

Characteristic of Moral Standards

Deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit the {…}

Talks about what is wrong but their concerns do not necessarily affect one’s life

Answer 7

Concern with the welfare of being

Question 8

Characteristic of Moral Standards

Rely on reasoning and not on authoritative individuals to support and justify their cause

Law and religion do not need to be based on valid and sound reasoning

Answer 8

Reliance on reasoning and not on authority

Question 9

Characteristic of Moral Standards

Take precedence over others’ standards and considerations like non-moral standards and self-interests

Answer 9

Overriding or hegemonic

Question 10

Characteristic of Moral Standards

There is no exemption to the moral standards

If A is morally right for a certain person P, then it is morally right for anybody relevantly similar to P

Answer 10

Impartial, fair, and just

Question 11

Characteristic of Moral Standards

Moral standards are associated with emotions such as guilt, remorse, and shame and vocabulary such as right, good, wrong, evil, moral, amoral, and immoral

Answer 11

Special emotions and vocabulary

Question 12

A situation that begs an agent to choose between two alternatives with equal weight, both of which are either good or evil

Answer 12

Moral Dilemma

Question 13

In this situation, no matter what the agent chooses they will be left with a moral failure, but not choosing would impose greater harm or loss

Answer 13

Moral Dilemma

Question 14

3 levels of Moral Dilemma

Answer 14

• Personal
• Organizational
• Structural

Question 15

4 parts of ethics

Answer 15

• Descriptive Ethics
• Normative Ethics
• Meta Ethics
• Applied Ethics

Question 16

Part of Ethics

The thing that individuals really accept to be correct or wrong and it thinks about various moral standards utilized over a wide span of time

Answer 16

Descriptive Ethics

Question 17

Part of Ethics

The thing that individuals should do; A prescriptive morals and it talks about how individuals can settle on what is ethically right

Answer 17

Normative Ethics

Question 18

3 segments of Normative Ethics

Answer 18

• Virtue Ethics
• Deontology
• Consequentialism

Question 19

Segment of Normative Ethics

Centers around one’s character and kindness

Answer 19

Virtue Ethics

Question 20

Segment of Normative Ethics

The obligations, morals, or all-out objective and good absolutism

Answer 20

Deontology

Question 21

Segment of Normative Ethics

Centers around the outcomes of an activity

Answer 21

Consequentialism

Question 22

Part of Ethics

Doubts the significance of goodness, morals, and profound quality including how individuals can realize what is valid or bogus

Answer 22

Meta Ethics

Question 23

Part of Ethics

The utilization of moral hypotheses in various open and private issues like medication and business

Answer 23

Applied Ethics

Question 24

4 principles of Normative Ethics according to Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress

Answer 24

• Respect to Autonomy
• Beneficence
• Non-maleficence
• Justice

Question 25

**Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)** The acknowledgement that every person has the right to make choices to hold views and to act based on one's values and beliefs as long as the person is conscious and has proper understanding of the matter at hand

Answer 25

Respect to Autonomy

Question 26

**Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)** The promotion of doing as much goodness as possible

Answer 26

Beneficence

Question 27

**Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)** The avoidance of any unjustifiable and unnecessary harm

Answer 27

Non-maleficence

Question 28

**Principle of Ethics (Beauchamp & Childress)** The distribution of resources equally and fairly

Answer 28

Justice

Question 29

The shared and learned patterns of behaviors, interactions, symbolisms, and values of a group of people

Answer 29

Culture

Question 30

The disposition that sees a general public's way of life inside the setting of the general public's issues and openings

Answer 30

Cultural Relativism

Question 31

The 8 strengths of Filipino Moral Character

Answer 31

- *pakikipagkapwa-tao* - family orientation - joy and humor - flexibility - adaptability and creativity - hard work and industry - faith and religiosity - ability to survive

Question 32

The 5 weaknesses of Filipino Moral Character

Answer 32

- extreme personalism - extreme family-centeredness - lack of discipline - passivity and lack of initiative - colonial mentality

Question 33

Values that have the same worth of level of importance across cultures and ethical principles

Answer 33

Universal Values

Question 34

The 6 stages of Moral Development according to Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 34

- Obedience and Punishment Orientation - Individualism and Exchange - Good Interpersonal Relationship - Maintaining the Social Order - Social Contract and Individual Rights - Universal Principles

Question 35

The 3 levels of Moral Development according to Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 35

- Pre-Conventional Morality - Conventional Morality - Post-Conventional Morality

Question 36

**Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)** Age 9 years and below The primary focus of an individual is the self

Answer 36

Pre-Conventional Morality

Question 37

**Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)** Adolescence People start to internalize the moral standards of the groups they belong to

Answer 37

Conventional Morality

Question 38

**Level of Moral Development (Kohlberg)** Adults Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice

Answer 38

Post-Conventional Morality