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AP Psych > Unit 1: Bio Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 1: Bio Vocab Flashcards

(183 cards)

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1
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Studies conducted on an adoptive relatives and biological relatives to determine the influence of genetics versus the environment on behavior.

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2
Q

Environment

A

All external factors and influences leaving an impact on an individuals development and behavior.

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3
Q

Eugenics

A

The ideology/ practice of improving the human race by selectively breeding people for certain desirable traits.

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4
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

A psychological approach in hopes of explaining behavior in terms of how it may have been shaped by natural selection and gradual adaptation

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5
Q

Family Studies

A

A research method in which researchers examine the behaviors & traits of individuals w/in a family unit to understand possible genetic influence over specific traits and disorders.

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6
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

An increased chance of developing a specific trait or disorder based on ones genetics.

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7
Q

Heredity

A

The passing on of genetic factors ( DNA) from parents to offspring

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8
Q

Nature v. Nurture Issue

A

The dilemma of whether people are born the way they are (through genetics) or if they are made into it through their environment.

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9
Q

Twin Studies

A

Studies where the influence of genetic factors is measured ( in regards of behavior) by comparing the behavior of monozygotic versus dizygotic twins

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10
Q

Natural Selection

A

Inherited traits that allow organisms to survive & reproduce in an environment are the traits most likely to be passed on for generations

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The Brain & Spinal Cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Sensory & motor neurons connecting to the central nervous system

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls Involuntary Functions such as heartbeat, digestion, breathing

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Controls the fight or flight response; automatically accelerates heart rate, and breathing, dilates pupils, slows digestion

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Controls Rest & Digestion; Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event.

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary functions

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17
Q

Nervous System

A

The body’s electrochemical communication/messaging system. Consisting of both the peripheral and central nervous systems

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

When a neuron is active/firing & ions are exchanged -> they become scrambled or depolarized

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19
Q

All-or-nothing Principle

A

Neurons are binary: They are either off or on, and to become on they need a certain amount of stimuli

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20
Q

Axon

A

Tail of the Neuron; Carries signals from one end to the other (from soma to the terminal)

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

The Hair of the Neuron; Hair like extensions that receive signals from other neurons

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22
Q

Depolarization

A
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23
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support cells for nerve system-> they provide extra protection & nourishment to neurons (worker b ees to the queen)

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24
Q

Interneurons

A

Intermediary neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.

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25
Motor Neurons
Neurons that carry signals away from the CNS to the muscles in order to allow for motion. ( Signals produced in CNS and transported to body by motor neurons)
26
Multiple Sclerosis
A chronic auto immune disease where the body attack the myelin sheath in nerves in the CNS leading to numbness, weakness, and vision issues
27
Myasthenia Gravis
A chronic auto immune disease caused by antibodies attacking ACl ( acetylcholine) receptors in the neurotransmitter junction leading to muscle weakness & fatigue in the eyes, face, and throat.
28
Myelin Sheath
The fatty insular layer around the axon ( tail) of the neuron-> allows for rapid transmission of electrical impulses/ messages
29
Nerves
A cluster of nerve cells / a cluster of neurons)
30
Neural Transmission
The process where neurons communicate w/ one another by sending neurotransmitters (chemicals) across the synapse.
31
Neuron
A nerve cell that transmits sent throughout the body.
32
Reflex
Involuntary & automatic response to stimulus w/o conscious thought typically to protect the body or maintain balance
33
Reflex Arc
The neural pathway controlling reflex actions like flinching
34
Refractory Period
The short time period immediately after the neuron fires where the neuron cannot fire again
35
Resting Potential
The stable electrical charge across a neuron's membrane when it isn't actively sending signals.
36
Reuptake
The process when a neuron retrieves the leftover neurotransmitters that were released into the synapse after a transmission.
37
Reuptake Inhibitors
A drug type that prevent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the neuron.
38
Sensory Neurons
Neurons transmitting sensory information from the environment (sight, sound, taste, smell) to the CNS
39
Synapse
The tiny gap between two neurons
40
Soma
The head of the neuron
41
Threshold
Minimum level of stimulation to trigger sensory responses
42
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction
43
Adrenaline
A hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system. This triggers our "fight or flight" response, which increases heart rate, dilates the pupil, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and reduces digestive and reproductive activity.
44
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter involved in mood, movement, attention, and learning.
45
Endocrine System
The network of glands throughout the body that produce and secrete hormones
46
Endorphins
47
GABA
48
Ghrelin
49
Glutamate
50
Hormone
51
Leptin
52
Melatonin
53
Norepinephrine
54
Neurotransmitter
55
Oxytocin
56
Serotonin
57
Substance P
58
Addiction
59
Agonists
60
Alcohol
61
Antagonists
62
Caffeine
63
Cocaine
64
Depressants
65
Hallucinogens
66
Heroin
67
Marijuana
68
Opioids
69
Psychoactive Drugs
70
Stimulants
71
Tolerance
72
Withdrawal
73
Brain Stem
74
Cerebellum
75
Medulla Oblongata
76
Pons
A part of the brain stem located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata. CONTROLS ; sleep breathing, taste, facial sensations, and coordinates movement w/ cerebellum
77
Reticular Formation
78
Amygdala
79
Hippocampus
80
LImbic System
81
Pituitary Gland
82
Reward Center
83
Thalamus
84
Association Areas
85
Broca's Area
Area in brain responsible for speech production ( muscles)
86
Cerebral Cortex
87
Cerebrum
88
Executive Functioning
89
Frontal Lobes
90
Motor Cortex
91
Occipital Lobes
92
Parietal Lobes
93
Prefrontal Cortex
94
Somatosensory Cortex
95
Temporal Lobes
96
Wernicke's Area
97
Aphasia
98
Aphasia- Broca's
99
Aphasia- Wernicke's
100
Contralateral Control
101
Corpus Callosum
102
EEG
103
fMRI
104
Hemispheric Specialization
105
Lesion
106
MRI
107
Plasticity
108
Split Brain Research
109
Activation-Synthesis
110
Circadian Rhythm
111
Consciousness
112
Consolidation Theory
113
Dream
114
Hypnagogic Sensations
115
Insomnia
116
Jet Lag
117
Narcolepsy
118
NREM
119
NREM Stages 1-4
120
REM behavior disorder
121
REM Rebound
122
REM SLeep
123
Shift Work
124
Sleep
125
Sleep Apnea
126
Sleep Hygiene
127
Sleep Spindles
128
Somnambulism
129
Absolute Threshold
130
Amplutide
131
Difference Threshold
132
Intensity
133
Just-Noticeable Difference
134
Sensation
135
Sensory Adaptation
136
Sensory Interaction
137
Synesthesia
138
Transduction
139
Wavelegnth
140
Weber's Law
141
Ganglion Cells
142
Lens
143
Monochromatism
144
Nearsightedness
145
Opponent-Process Theory
146
Optic Nerve
147
Photoreceptors
148
Prosopagnosia
149
Retina
Ro
150
Rods
151
Trichromatic Theory
152
Pitch
153
Place Theory
154
Semicircular Canals
155
Sensorineural Deafness
156
Sound Localization
157
Accommodation
158
Afterimages
159
Blind Spot
160
Blindsight
161
Cones
162
Dichromatism
163
Farsightedness
164
Audition
165
Basilar Membrane
166
Cochlea
167
Conduction Deafness
168
Frequency
169
Frequency Theory
170
Middle Ear
171
Inner Ear
The innermost part of the ear responsible for hearing and balance maintenance through conversion of sound vibrations into neural signals. Contains the cochlea & semicircular canals.
172
Gate Control Theory
The theory explaining pain perception through suggesting a "gate" in the spinal cord controls whether or not pain signals reach the brain, dictates that non-painful stimuli is able to close the gate while reducing painful sensations
173
Gustation
The sense responsible for taste allowing flavors to be perceived through taste buds on the tongue (including umami-> savory)
174
Kinesthesis
The sense that provides information about the position and movement of the limbs allowing for coordinating motions & movement
175
Oleogustus
176
Olfactory System
Sensory system responsible for the sense of smell. Includes the olfactory receptors in the nose, the olfactory bulb in the brain and the neural pathways in charge of processing smell
177
Phantom Limb
The phenomenon of amputees feeling pain or sensation in a limb that is no longer present
178
Pheromones
Chemicals secreted by organisms triggering specific social responses in other members of the same species
179
Supertasters
Individuals with heightened senses of taste typically in regards to bitter flavors this caused by having a largely greater quantity of taste buds giving flavors higher intensity
180
Taste Receptors
Specialized sensory cells located w/in taste buds allowing the tongue to detect & transmit sensory information about various tastes ( sweet, bitter, spice, salt, & umami)
181
Vestibular Sense
The sensory system allowing us to have a sense of balance and spatial orientation.
182
Volley Theory
The principle stating that neurons in the auditory system fire in rapid succession ( making a volley of signals) this allows the brain to perceive higher frequency sounds that register too fast for singular neurons
183
Warm & Cold Receptors ( Temperature Sense)
AKA; Thermoreceptors-> Nerve cells w/in the skin that detect changes in temperature allowing ppl to feel the difference between warm & cold

AP Psych (6 decks)

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