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Biology (12) > Unit 1: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main properties of water?

A
  1. Cohesion/adhesion
  2. High specific heat capacity/heat of vapourization
  3. Low density of ice
  4. Solubility
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2
Q

Which property allows water to be moved easily by adjusting the pressure exerted on it?

also allows water to completely fill a space

A

Cohesion/adhesion

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3
Q

Define evaporative cooling

add when pertaining to individual organisms

A

Definition: When water molecules have enough kinetic energy to go to the vapour state.

Sweat evaporates off the skin of an organism to cool it down

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4
Q

What is the specific heat capacity of water

in J/gºC

A

4.184 J/gºC

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5
Q

What would happen if solid ice was more dense than liquid water?

A

Much of earth’s water would be permanently frozen at the bottom of lakes and oceans; it would sink and crush aquatic organisms

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6
Q

2 conditions

When will a molecule dissolve in water (at room temperature)

A

If they are ions or polar and small

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7
Q

Define: hydrophilic

A

A substance that has an affinity for water

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8
Q

Define: hydrophobic

A

A substance that repels water

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9
Q

Which elements appear in organic molecules?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur (CHNOPS)

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10
Q

Which elements are found in all organic molecules?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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11
Q

What type of functional group is this:

–O-H

What are the properties of this group

A

Hydroxyl

polar, soluble

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12
Q

Ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:

O ___
|| ___
–C-O-H

What are the properties of this group

A

Carboxyl

ionic, weakly acidic, polar, soluble

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13
Q

Ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:

O _
|| _
–C-H

What are the properties of this group

A

Carbonyl (Aldehyde)

slightly polar, weakly soluble

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14
Q

ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:

O
||
–C–

What are the properties of this group

A

Carbonyl (Ketone)

slightly polar, weakly soluble

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15
Q

ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:
H
|
–N-H

What are the properties of this group

A

Amino

polar, basic, soluble

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16
Q

ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:
–S-H

What are the properties of this group

A

Sulfhydryl

nonpolar, insoluble, strong smell

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17
Q

ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:
O
||
–O-P-OH
|
OH

What are the properties of this group

A

Phosphate

ionic, acidic, soluble

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18
Q

ignore the horizontal lines

What type of functional group is this:
O
||
–O-P-O-
|
O-

What are the properties of this group

A

Phosphate

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19
Q

Define: Monomer

A

small simple unit molecules that form polymers

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20
Q

monomer or polymer

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Monomer

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21
Q

monomer or polymer

What is an amino acid

A

Monomer

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22
Q

monomer or polymer

What is a nucleotide

A

Monomer

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23
Q

Define: Polymer

A

long chain of repetitive monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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24
Q

Which types of organic molecules are polymers

A

Molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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25
Define: Oligomer
small polymer between 3-20 units long
26
What reaction **builds** a biological polymer
Dehydration synthesis (condensation synthesis)
27
What is the process of dehydration synthesis?
Removal of H2O (has H2O as a product when forming a polymer)
28
What type of reaction **breaks down** a biological polymer?
Hydrolysis
29
What is the process of hydrolysis?
Adding H2O to a polymer to break it down
30
Which type of biological molecule **does not** form polymers
Lipids | triglycerides perform the reactions but don't form polymers
31
Define: Carbohydrate
group of molecules loosley defined as containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | most common ratio is 1:2:1 (C:H:O)
32
What are the 2 functions of a carbohydrate?
Energy storage/structural
33
Define: monosaccharide
monomer of simple sugar (glucose)
34
Define: disaccharide
a dimer of double sugar (maltose)
35
Define: oligosaccharide
an oligomer; short chain of linked sugars (raffinose)
36
Define: polysaccharide
a polymer; long chain of linked glucose molecules (amylose)
37
What bond is in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic Linkage
38
What is glycosidic linkage?
covalent bonding that connects a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group
39
Draw an example of a simple glycosidic linkage
C–O–C
40
What is alpha glucose?
Common product of photosynthesis and the most important source of energy for almost all life forms
41
Define: starch
Formed using alpha glucose monomers; called storage polysaccharides
42
How does the size of the starch molecule affect its solubility in water?
bigger starch molecule=less soluble in water; this allows for it to be stored in the cell because it has a less osmotic effect.
43
Define: Osmosis
the passage of a liquid through membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
44
What is the structure of amylose?
Helix (spiral shape)
45
What is the structure of amylopectin?
Helix (spiral) with multiple branches
46
What is the structure of glycogen?
Helix (spiral) with many more branches
47
What is the structure of beta glucose?
linear; makes cellulose molecules and chitin
48
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch is made up of alpha glucose and is in a helical shape. Cellulose is made up of beta glucose and is in a linear shape.
49
Define: Lipid
a hydrophobic molecule that consists of C,H,O
50
What are the 3 main functions of lipids?
waterproofing, insulation, long term energy storage
51
What are the 4 categories of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
52
Classifications of a fatty acid:
Must have a carboxyl group on the end of a long carbon chain
53
Classifications of wax
Must have a carboxyl in the middle of a long carbon chain
54
Classification of triglyceride
Hydroxyl on glycerol connected to the hydroxyl on the carboxyl of the fatty acid
55
How do you know when something is **saturated**?
no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
56
How do you know when something is **monounsaturated**?
one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain
57
How do you know when something is **polyunsaturated**?
two or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
58
What bond is on lipids?
Ester bond
59
Draw an ester bond
O______ ||______ –C–O–C–
60
What forms the stable lipid bilayer in a membrane?
Phospholipids
61
Define: Steroid
a lipid soluble hormone derived from cholesterol
62
Draw a basic steroid molecule
2 hexagons connected side by side, one hexagon connected to the top of the second, and 1 pentagon connected to the third hexagon
63
Define: Nucleic Acid
molecules that contain CHNOP elements
64
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
to code information for the primary structure of proteins
65
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotide
66
What are the 3 components of nucleotides?
Contains a nitrogenose base, contains sugar, contains phosphate
67
What is the shape of the sugar in a nucleotide?
pentose monosaccharide
68
Define: Purine | shape
double ring structure (hexagon + pentagon)
69
What are the 2 purines?
Adenine and Guanine (A+G)
70
Define: Pyrimidine | shape
single ring structure
71
What are the 2 pyrimidines in DNA
cytosine and thymine
72
What are the 2 pyrimidines in RNA
cytosine and uracil
73
Which purines and pyrimidines pair together?
A-T G-C
74
What is a pyrmidine nitrogenous base?
Single ring structure of the nitrogen base
75
What is a purine nitrogen base?
A double ring structure of the nitrogen basee
76
What is a purine nucleotide?
double ring structure on the nitrogen base attached to the entire nucleotide monomer
77
What bond is present in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bond
78
Draw a phosphodiester bond
O || 3'C–O–P–O–C5' | OH
79
Define: complementary base pairing
H-bonding that occurs between bases
80
Define: Proteins
polymer of amino acids based on 3D folding
81
Define: Amino Acids
The monomer that makes up proteins
82
What are the 4 ways to classify an amino acid? | When naming
polar, non-polar, charged acidic, or charged basic
83
What is the bond present in proteins?
peptide bond
84
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
85
Define: Enzyme
a substance that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction
86
How does an enzyme work? | what does it do?
it lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction by stressing/distorting the bonds of the substrate in order to speed up the functino of a product
87
Name 3 factors that affect enzymes
Temperature, pH, concentration of substrate
88
Define: denature
a denatured enzyme cannot bind properly to its substrate and therefore no enzyme-substrate complexes can form
89
What is the cell membrane?
semipermeable membrane enveloping cells made of phospholipids
90
Define: Passive transport
Where it does not require energy for a molecule to pass through the membrane
91
What substances use diffusion/passive transport?
oxygen and water
92
Define: hypertonic
when the concentration is higher inside of the cell than outside of the cell
93
Define: hypotonic
when the concentration is lower inside of the cell than outside of the cell
94
Define: isotonic
when the concentration is the same inside and outside the cell
95
Define: Active transport
where a substance is moved from a low concentration to a high concentration; moving something with energy that requires ATP
96
Define: Vesicular transport
form of active transport where vesicles are used to transport materials in and out of the cell
97
Define: exocytosis
when vesicles transport materials outside of a cell
98
Define: endocytosis
when vesicles transport materials into the cell
99
Define: phagocytosis
vesicles "devouring" something harmful to it
100
Define: pinocytosis
fluid filled vesicles are used to absorb nutrients

Biology (12) (4 decks)

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