Unit 3: Metabolic Processes Flashcards

(84 cards)

1
Q

Define: Catabolism

A

The process of breaking down complex molecules for the release of energy

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2
Q

Define: Anabolism

A

The process of synthesizing complex molecules for the storage of energy

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3
Q

Define: Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that occur in a living system (make up of anabolism and catabolism)

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4
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

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5
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

During any process, the universe tends towards disorderand entropy (the measure of disorder) is constantly increasing

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6
Q

Define: Exergonic

A

A spontaneous reaction where the system releases energy (catabolism)

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7
Q

Define: Endergonic

A

A non-spontaneous reaction that requires energy input and decreases entropy (anabolism)

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8
Q

If ΔG is negative, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic?

A

Exergonic

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9
Q

Is catabolism endergonic or exergonic?

A

Exergonic

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10
Q

Is anabolism endergonic or exergonic?

A

Endergonic

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11
Q

What is hydrolysis/digestion (endergonic or exergonic)?

A

Exergonic

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12
Q

What is condensation synthesis (endergonic or exergonic)?

A

Endergonic

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13
Q

The oxidation of glucose is… (endergonic or exergonic)?

A

Exergonic

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14
Q

The reduction of ADP to form ATP is… (endergonic or exergonic)?

A

Endergonic

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15
Q

Label the diagram of the mitchondria 1-5

A
  1. Intermembrane space
  2. Inner membrane
  3. Outer membrane
  4. Cristae
  5. Mitochondrial matrix
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16
Q

Define: Outer membrane (mitochondria)

A

Contains transport proteins that allow for the transport of pyruvate from the cytosol

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17
Q

Define: Inner membrane (mitochondria)

A

Contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase (used for oxidative phosphorylation)

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18
Q

Define: Cristae (mitochondria)

A

The folds the inner membrane is arranged into that increases the surface area to volume ratio

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19
Q

Define: Intermembrane space (mitochondria)

A

A small space between membranes that maximizes hydrogen gradient upon protein accumulation

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20
Q

Define: Matrix (mitochondria)

A

The central cavity that contains the enzymes and pH for the Krebs cycle to occur

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21
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm of the cell

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22
Q

Define: Oxidation

A

When a substance loses electrons

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23
Q

Define: Reduction

A

When a substance gains electrons

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24
Q

Define: Redox

A

A reaction where the electrons lost by one substance are gained by another

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25
What is the first step of glycolysis?
Priming reaction
26
What happens in the priming reaction stage?
1. ATP loses a phosphate and is reduced to ADP 2. Phosphate attaches to the 6th carbon of glucose, forming **fructose-6-P** (F6P) 3. Another ATP loses a phosphate and is reduced to ADP 4. The second phosphate attaches to the 1st carbon, forming **fructose-1,6-biphosphate** (F 1,6 BP)
27
What is the second stage of glycolysis?
Cleavage
28
What happens in the cleavage stage?
1. **F 1,6 BP** splits into two 3 carbon molecules with a phosphate on each 2. The molecules are **glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate** (G3P)
29
What is the third stage of glycolysis?
Oxidation and ATP formation
30
What happens in the oxidation and ATP formation stage?
1. A phosphate from an inorganic molecule/process is added at the same time that NAD+ is reduced to NADH + H+ 2. The second phosphate is added to the G3P, creating BPG (3 carbons, 2 phosphates) 3. ADP takes the second phosphate off BPG to create **ATP** and leaves 3PG 4. 3PG converted to PEP (a carboxylic acid with the phosphate on the second carbon) 5. Another ADP takes the phosphate off PEP to create **ATP** and leaves **pyruvate**
31
What are the final products of glycolysis from **1 glucose**?
2 NADH + H+ 2 ATP (net) 2 pyruvate
32
Since glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule produces 4 ATP, why is the final product 2 net ATP
Because 2 ATP are initially used to start the process of glycolysis, therefore the yield is 2 **net** ATP
33
What step is in-between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate oxidation
34
What is pyruvate oxidation?
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
35
Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
36
What are the steps of pyruvate oxidation?
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed and coeenzyme-A (CoA) is added 2. NAD+ forms NADH + H+ 3. Acetyl CoA is formed (2 carbons)
37
What step is last after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation?
Krebs cycle
38
What are the steps of the Krebs cycle?
1. A 4-carbon molecule has the acetyl-CoA added onto it to form a 6-carbon molecule 2. A carbon dioxide is removed from the 6-carbon molecule and the NAD+ forms a NADH + H+, which forms a 5-carbon molecule 3. Another carbon dioxide is removed from the molecule and another NAD+ is reduced to form NADH + H+, which forms a 4-carbon molecule 4. ADP + inorganic phosphate forms ATP 5. FAD is reduced to form FADH2, forming another 4-carbon molecule 6. Finally, NAD+ is recduced to form NADH + H+, bringing back the original 4-carbon molecule
39
What are the final products of the Krebs cycle from 1 glucose molecule?
4 FADH2 8 NADH + H+ 2 ATP
40
What is the Krebs cycle also known as?
Citric Acid Cycle
41
Where is the electron transport chain?
Inner mitchondrial membrane
42
How many proteins are in the electron transport chain?
3
43
Define: Chemiosmosis
Movement of protons through ATP synthase
44
Define: Proton Motive Force
Force produced when 1 proton moves in the enzyme; lowers the activation energy for ADP + P to create ATP
45
Define: Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is generated by the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
46
Define: Substrate Level Phosphorylation
When a phosphate is added onto ADP to form ATP with the release of free energy
47
At the end of the metabolic process (in eukaryotic cells) how many ATP are produced for 1 glucose?
36 ATP
48
Define: Photosynthesis
The process where light energy in converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose
49
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts (usually in the leaves)
50
What are the 2 sets of reactions of photosynthesis?
1. Light dependent reactions 2. Light independent reactions
51
Define: Light dependent reactions
Endergonic reactions that absorb and capture the energy of light
52
Where do light dependent reactions occur?
Lamellar membrane (in the chloroplast)
53
Define: Light independent reactions
Exergonic reactions that use stored energy to produce carbohydrates
54
Where do light independent reactions occur?
Stroma (in the chloroplasts)
55
What are light dependent reactions also called?
The Calvin Cycle
56
Label the diagram of the leaf 1-7
1. Palisade mesophyll 2. Spongy mesophyll 3. Vascular bundle 4. Stoma (with guard cells) 5. Mesophyll 6. Epidermis 7. Cuticle
57
Label the diagram of a plant cell 1-3
1. Vacuole 2. Cell Wall 3. Chloroplast
58
Label the diagram of the chloroplast 1-6
1. Outer membrane 2. Inner membrane 3. Thylakoid disc 4. Granum (grana) 5. Stroma 6. Lamella
59
What are the 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, light, temperature
60
What is **not** a limiting factor of photosynthesis?
Water
61
What are 2 ways that leaves are adapted for photosynthesis?
1. increase the amount or wavelength of light energy that is absorbed by the leaf 2. increase the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide to photosynthesizing cells
62
Define: Lamellae
Internal membranes of the chloroplast, organized into thylakoids and stacked into grana
63
Define: Thylakoid
Flattened, disc-like sacs that contain the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
64
Define: Granum
Plural: Grana Stacks of thylakoid interconnected with lamella. The space inside (called intrathylakoid space) is separated from the fluid of the stroma outside. This provides a closed space surrounded by membranes where a gradient of H+ can be stored for more reactions
65
Inside the chloroplast, where are organic molecules made?
Stroma
66
Why is there a large area of membrane in the lamellae?
It allows for many photosystems, electron transport chains, and ATP synthase.
67
Define: Photosystems
This is how chlorophylls are organized. Any chlorophyll within the same photosystem can pass light energy to its neighbours until it reaches the reaction-centre chlorophyll
68
Define: Chlorophyll
A pigment molecule
69
What light does chlorophyll reflect?
Green light
70
What light doees chlorophyll a and b reflect?
Red and blue
71
What is the reaction-centre chlorophyll?
The chlorophyll that passes its electrons on to the primary electron acceptor
72
What is the primary electron acceptor called?
Ferredoxin
73
What is the structural difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b?
Chlorophyll a has methyl group on the end where chlorophyll b has a carboxyl group
74
If the absorption of light is higher, will the photosynthetic rate be higher or lower?
Higher
75
What does photosystem II do?
Absorbs photons and oxidizes water to get oxygen and replace electrons lost; transports electrons through to photosystem I
76
What does photosystem I do?
Absorbs photons and excites electrons that are passed through a carrier to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
77
What is **non-cyclic photophosphorylation**?
A linear process where the entire electron transport chain is in use. This usees both photosystem II and photosystem I to keep the electrons in an excited state
78
What is **cyclic photophosphorylation**?
A process that involves part of the electron transport chain that does not produce NADPH because the electrons do not pass through NADPH recdutase, but instead goes back to he cytochrome complex and only cycles through photosystem I
79
When would cells switch to cyclic photophosphorylation?
When the concentration of NADPH is too high, ATP demands are particularly high
80
What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle (in order)?
Phase 1: Carbon Fixation Phase 2: Reduction Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP
81
What does 1 turn of the Calvin Cycle produce?
2 net G3P
82
How many molecules of G3P are needed for 1 glucose molecule?
6 G3P
83
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce 1 glucose molecule?
3
84