Unit 1 cell biology Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is cell ultrastructure
A
All the parts the make up the cell
2
Q
What is the function of the cell wall
A
Protects and helps the cell to keep its shape
3
Q
What is the function if the cell membrane
A
Controls what enters and exits the cell
4
Q
What does selectively permeable mean
A
Only certain molecules can pass through
5
Q
What is a chloroplast
A
Small green discs in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place
6
Q
What is the cytoplasm
A
The jelly inside a cell where the organelles are found
7
Q
What is the function of the nucleus
A
It contains genetic information
8
Q
What is the function of ribosomes
A
The site of protein synthesis
9
Q
What is the function of mitochondria
A
Site of aerobic respiration
10
Q
What is organelle
A
Any part of the cell found in the cytoplasm
11
Q
What is cellulose
A
The chemical that makes up plant cell walls
12
Q
What is a vacuole
A
A structure found in the cytoplasm that contains cell sap
13
Q
What are the four main cells
A
Animal, plant, bacteria and fungi
14
Q
What cells is the cell wall present in
A
Plant fungus and bacteria
15
Q
What cells is the cell membrane in
A
All four
16
Q
What cells is the cytoplasm in
A
All four
17
Q
What cells is mitochondria in
A
Animal, plant fungus
18
Q
What cells are chloroplasts in
A
Plant
19
Q
What cells have a vacuole
A
Plant and fungus
20
Q
What cells have ribosomes
A
All four
21
Q
What cells have plasmids
A
Bacteria and sometimes fungus
22
Q
What cells have a nucleus
A
Animal plant and fungus
23
Q
What is the function of plasmids
A
Small circular DNA molecules that contain genes
24
Q
What is DNA
A
A molecule found in all life on earth
25
What is genetic code
The sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that is different for all living things
26
What does double stranded mean
Each DNA molecule is composed of two strands
27
What are the four bases
Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
28
What is a gene
A section of DNA that codes for a protein
29
What is mRNA
A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome
30
Where do u find chromosomes
In the nucleus
31
What does adenine pair with
Thymine
32
What does cytosine pair with
Guanine
33
What are proteins made from
Amino acids
34
What is the first stage of protein production
A complementary copy of part of the DNA is made in the nucleus this is called messenger RNA
35
What is the second stage of protein production
The mRNA travels to a ribosome to determine the order of amino acids used
36
What are phospholipids
Molecules that make up the cell membrane with proteins
37
What is passive transport
Movement of molecules that does not require energy
38
What is a concentration gradient
When there is a difference in concentration on each side of a cell membrane
39
What is diffusion
The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
40
What is osmosis
The movement of water from higher water concentration to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
41
What does turgid mean
A plant cell that has filled up with water
42
What does plasmolysed mean
A plant cell that has shrunk as water moved out of it
43
What is active transport
The movement of molecules and ions against the concentration gradient that requires energy
44
What are cell membranes made from
Phospholipids and proteins
45
Why are plant and animal cells effected differently by osmosis
Because animals don’t have a cell wall
46
What happens when there is too much water in an animal cell
It bursts
47
What is the function of the cytoplasm
Where many chemical reactions happen including fermentation
48
What is the function of the vacuole
A compartment of the cell that stores water and helps to keep the cell turgid
49
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts made by all living cells
50
What is a catalyst
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without be ion changed itself
51
What is the active site
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
52
What is a substrate
The molecule at the start of the reaction
53
What is the product
The molecule(s) produced at the end of the reaction
54
What is a break down reaction called
Degradation
55
What is a build up reaction called
Synthesis
56
What are optimum conditions
The conditions that allow an enzyme to be at its most active
57
What does denatured mean
When an enzyme changes shape and the rate of reaction decreases
58
What are proteins needed for
Structural, hormones, antibodies, receptors and enzymes
59
What are enzymes made from
Proteins
60
What are she three steps of enzymes
1. The enzyme binds to the substrate at the active site
2. An enzyme-substrate complex is formed
3. Products are formed these are released and the enzyme can be used again
61
What is genetic engineering
The process of removing genetic information from one organism and inserting it into another
62
What is a required gene
The new gene that is being inserted into the organism
63
What is a source chromosome
The chromosome that contains the required gene
64
What is the host bacterial cell
The new cell that the required gene is being inserted into
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What is step one of genetic engineering
Identify the section of DNA that contains the required gene from the source chromosome
66
What is step two of genetic engineering
Extract the required gene using enzymes
67
What is step three of genetic engineering
Extract the plasmid form the bacterial cell
68
What is step four of genetic engineering
Insert the required gene into the plasmid and seal using enzymes
69
What step five of genetic engineering
Insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism
70
What is respiration
A series of chemical reactions that convert energy from glucose to atp
71
What is ATP
A molecule that cells can use to transfer energy from one part of the cell to another
72
What does aerobic mean
Requires oxygen
73
What is fermentation
A form of respiration that does not require oxygen
74
What is ATP needed for
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, transmission of nerve impulses, protein synthesis
75
Where does aerobic respiration take place
In the mitochondria
76
Does aerobic respiration require oxygen
Yes
77
True of false aerobic respiration creates lots of ATP
True
78
Does fermentation require oxygen
No
79
Where does fermentation take place
In the cytoplasm
80
Is the process of fermentation the same in animal and plant and yeast cells
No it’s different
81
How many molecules of ATP does fermentation produce
2
82
What is step one of aerobic respiration
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate releasing 2 molecules of ATP
83
What is step 2 of aerobic respiration
Each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water this releases enough energy to yield a large number of ATP
84
What is step one of fermentation in animal cells
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP
85
What is step 2 of fermentation in animal cells
The pyruvate is converted into lactate
86
What is step 1 of fermentation in plants and yeast cells
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate releasing two molecules of ATP
87
