Unit 1: Cells, Energy Transformations and Digestive System

Question 1

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 1

Membrane where materials enter/exit a cell

Question 2

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 2

Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 3

Name 2 characteristics that Eukaryotic cells have, that Prokaryotic cells don’t.

Answer 3

Eukaryotes....
have a defined Nucleus.
have linear chromosomes.
Complex Structure
Large Size

Question 4

What’s the difference between hydrophilic & hydrophobic?

Answer 4

Hydrophilic = Water Loving
Hydrophobic = Water Fearing

Question 5

What is Osmosis?

Answer 5

Movement of water across semi-permeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration to higher concentration.

Question 6

What are the 2 major components of pm?

Answer 6

Proteins & Phospholipids

Question 7

What is a phospholipid made of?

Answer 7

1 molecule is made of 2 fatty chains joined to a phospahet

Question 8

What are the 2 main types of proteins?

Answer 8

Integral and Peripheral

Question 9

Where are integral proteins found?

Answer 9

Either side of pm

Question 10

What can attach to integral proteins?

Answer 10

Carbohydrate Groups

Question 11

Where are peripheral proteins found?

Answer 11

Exterior of pm

Question 12

Which of the 2 main proteins separate from the pm easier?

Answer 12

Peripheral

Question 13

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

Answer 13

Model of pm structure suggesting pm as 2D fluid with proteins embedded.

Question 14

What are the 4 functions of the pm?

Answer 14

1. Active Boundary
2. Cell Identity
3. Receive External Signals
4. Transport

Question 15

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Answer 15

Form of diffusion involving carrier and channel proteins.

Question 16

What is Active Transport?

Answer 16

Movement of substances pm in the opposite direction they travel in regular diffusion. So lower to higher.

Question 17

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 17

Movement of solid particles/bulk liquids into a cell.

Question 18

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 18

Transport of bulk material out of a cell.

Question 19

How do plants/algae transform energy?

Answer 19

Sunlight to Chemical via photosynthesis

Question 20

How do animals/fungi transform energy?

Answer 20

Organic molecules through food. Chemical energy

Question 21

What is Cellular Respiration?

Answer 21

Process by which chemical energy of glucose is transformed into ATP.

Question 22

What are Autotrophs?

Answer 22

Organisms that produce their own energy

Question 23

What are Heterotrophs?

Answer 23

Organism that absorbs food in the form of organic material obtained from their environment.

Question 24

What is a Photosynthetic Autotroph?

Answer 24

Organism that obtains energy from sunlight.

Question 25

What is a Chemosynthetic Autotroph?

Answer 25

Organism that obtains energy from carbon fixation.

Question 26

What is the WORDED formula of Photosynthesis?

Answer 26

Carbon Dioxide + Water -------> Glucose + Oxygen + Water chlorophyll sunlight

Question 27

What is the CHEMICAL formula of Photosynthesis?

Answer 27

6CO2 + 12H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O chlorophyll sunlight

Question 28

What are 2 stages of Photosynthesis?

Answer 28

Light Dependant Stage & Light Independent Stage

Question 29

Where is chlorophyll found?

Answer 29

Chloroplasts

Question 30

Where does Light Dependant Stage occur?

Answer 30

Thylakoid membranes (chloroplasts)

Question 31

Where does Light Independent Stage occur?

Answer 31

Stroma

Question 32

Difference between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration?

Answer 32

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, Anaerobic Respiration does not.

Question 33

What is the equation for Alcohol Fermentation?

Answer 33

C6H12O6 ------------> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 Glucose ------------> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide Yeast

Question 34

What is the formula for Lactic Acid Fermentation?

Answer 34

C6H12O6 --------> C3H6O3 + ATP | Glucose -------> lactic acid + ATP

Question 35

What are 12 components of Digestive System? (Mnemonic)

Answer 35

M Mrs Mouth S Stephenson Salivary Glands O Owns Oesophagus S Some Stomach L Library Liver G Goods. Gall Bladder P Please Pancreas S Submit Small Intestine C Cover Caecum L Letters to Large Intestine R Request Rectum A Appeals Anus

Question 36

How long does digestion take in humans?

Answer 36

Approx 24 hours

Question 37

How does food move through digestive system?

Answer 37

Via Peristalsis- Muscular contractions

Question 38

How long is the digestive tract in Humans?

Answer 38

Approx 8 meters

Question 39

What are the 2 types of digestion?

Answer 39

Mechanical and Chemical

Question 40

What's the difference between Mechanical and Chemical Digestion?

Answer 40

Mechanical involves movement like peristalsis or chewing, while chemical involves chemicals such as enzymes to break down food.

Question 41

What enzyme does Saliva contain?

Answer 41

Amylase

Question 42

How long is the Oesophagus in Humans?

Answer 42

20-23 cm long

Question 43

What 4 things make up gastric juice?

Answer 43

Hydrochloric Acid, Water, Mucus & Enzymes

Question 44

What substance does the Stomach turn the food into?

Answer 44

Chyme

Question 45

What are the 3 main regions of the Small Intestine?

Answer 45

Duodenum, Jujenum, Ilieum

Question 46

What 3 organs secrete chemicals which help the Small Intestine to digest food?

Answer 46

Pancreas, Liver & Gall Bladder

Question 47

What 4 things does the Duodenum break down?

Answer 47

Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

Question 48

What does the Liver produce?

Answer 48

Bile

Question 49

When does Bile secrete into the Duodenum?

Answer 49

When it detects chyme in it.

Question 50

What happens to excess bile in the Duodenum?

Answer 50

It gets stored in Gall Bladder, until needed.

Question 51

What happens in Jejunum and Ileum?

Answer 51

More enzymes continue to break food down.

Question 52

What is the Small Intestine lined with?

Answer 52

Villi, which are covered in microvilli

Question 53

What percentage of absorption occurs in the Small Intestine, and the Stomach/Large Intestine.

Answer 53

90% in Small Intestine, 10% in Stomach/Large Intestine

Question 54

What 2 things are included in Large Intestine?

Answer 54

Colon and Rectum

Question 55

How long is the Large Intestine?

Answer 55

Approx 1.5m

Question 56

What is the Large Intestine's main function?

Answer 56

To absorb most of the water from the chyme/faeces.