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Biology 1&2 > Unit 2: KS 1- The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 2: KS 1- The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of The Cell Cycle?

A

To allow somatic cells to divide

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2
Q

What occurs in Step 1 of CC?

A

Interphase (DNA replication and cell growth)

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3
Q

What occurs in Step 2 of CC?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What occurs in Step 3 of CC?

A

Cytokinesis (Division of cytoplasm)

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5
Q

What occurs in each sub-stage of the Interphase?

A

G1- Cell Growth
S- DNA Replication
G2- Cell Growth

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6
Q

What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order?

A

P-Prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase

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7
Q

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

A

To produce identical daughter cells as original/parent

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8
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in Mitosis?

A

2

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9
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Any cell other then germline cell (sperm or egg)

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10
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Reproduction without sex

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11
Q

Name 3 ADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

A

Rapid Population Growth
Single Parent Organism
Uses little energy

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12
Q

Name 3 DISADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

A

Little Genetic Variation
Rapid Population Growth (may lead to competition for resources)
Any mutation in parent will be passed on

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13
Q

Name 5 ways of Asexual Reproduction

A 
Binary Fission (splits into 2 equal parts, then grows)
Splitting (splits into many parts, organisms grow from part)
Spore Formation (organism breaks into multiple pieces to be carried away and grow)
Budding (new organisms form off of parent)
Vegetative Propagation (creating new plants from stems/leaves/roots of parent organism)
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14
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

Cell division which creates gametes, all being genetically different

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15
Q

What are the Gametes and Gonads in males and femals

A

Female Gamete = Eggs, Female Gonad = Ovaries

Male Gamete = Sperm, Male Gonad = Testes

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16
Q

What is the Diploid number?

A

Total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell. 2n

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17
Q

What is the Haploid number?

A

Total number of chromosomes in a germline cell/gamete n

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18
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenisis

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19
Q

How long does it take to produce 1 sperm cell?

A

64-72 days

produced from puberty until death

20
Q

What is the process of egg production called?

A

Oogenesis

Eggs released from puberty until menapause

21
Q

What does Antenatal mean?

A

Human pre-birth development

22
Q

What does Gestational Age mean?

A

Length of pregnancy from last menstruation

23
Q

Where does fertilisation of an egg occur?

A

Fallopian Tube

24
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

Occurs when Chromosomes fail to separate properly

25
Q

ADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Genetic Diversity

- Equips population with ability to survive change

26
Q

DISADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Energy Requirements (must find and secure a mate)

- Elaborate Courtship

27
Q

What does Gastrulation mean?

A

Organisation of inner cell mass into three primary germ layers.

28
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
29
Q

What are the Primary Germ layers made of?

A

Stem Cells

30
Q

What are the 3 types of Stem Cells?

A

Totipotent, Pluripotent and Multipotent

31
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

A factor which can cause a malformation in an embryo.

32
Q

At which stage of the Interphase does DNA synthesis occur?

A

S stage of Interphase

33
Q

What does undifferentiated mean?

A

Stem Cell has not yet turned into a specific cell

34
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells are considered to be…

A

Totipotent

35
Q

What cells can be produced from each primary germ layer?

A

Ectoderm- Skin Cell
Mesoderm- Blood Cell
Endoderm- Lung Cell

36
Q

What are the 3 main stages that occur during human prenatal development?

A

Zygote, Embryo & Foetus

37
Q

What are the 2 main components of the blastocyst?

A

Fluid and Outer Layer

38
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A fluid filled structure with an inner cell mass surrounded by an outer layer of cells

39
Q

How long is the embryonic period?

A

Approx 9 weeks following fertilisation

40
Q

How long is the fetal period?

A

From 9 weeks until birth

41
Q

How do Stem Cells divide?

A

Mitosis

42
Q

What is a difference between a cancerous cell and a normal cell?

A

Cancerous cells do not respond to signals telling them to stop dividing

43
Q

What is a source of Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

From inner cell mass in blastocyst

44
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An environmental factor that causes genetic mutations

45
Q

What is recombination (crossing over)

A

Process of generating new combinations of alleles (genetic variation)

46
Q

Where does recombination occur in Meiosis?

A

Prophase I

47
Q

What occurs in Cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm is equally divided between daughter cells

Biology 1&2 (5 decks)

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