Unit 2: Exam Revision Flashcards by Lloyd Vella

What is the purpose of The Cell Cycle?

To allow somatic cells to divide

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What occurs in Step 1 of CC?

Interphase (DNA replication and cell growth)

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What occurs in Step 2 of CC?

Mitosis

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What occurs in Step 3 of CC?

Cytokinesis (Division of cytoplasm)

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What occurs in each sub-stage of the Interphase?

G1- Cell Growth
S- DNA Replication
G2- Cell Growth

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What are the 4 phases of Mitosis in order?

P-Prophase
M-Metaphase
A-Anaphase
T-Telophase

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What is the purpose of Mitosis?

To produce identical daughter cells as original/parent

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How many daughter cells are produced in Mitosis?

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What is a somatic cell?

Any cell other then germline cell (sperm or egg)

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What is Asexual Reproduction?

Reproduction without sex

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Name 3 ADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

Rapid Population Growth
Single Parent Organism
Uses little energy

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Name 3 DISADVANTAGES of Asexual Reproduction

Little Genetic Variation
Rapid Population Growth (may lead to competition for resources)
Any mutation in parent will be passed on

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Name 5 ways of Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission (splits into 2 equal parts, then grows)
Splitting (splits into many parts, organisms grow from part)
Spore Formation (organism breaks into multiple pieces to be carried away and grow)
Budding (new organisms form off of parent)
Vegetative Propagation (creating new plants from stems/leaves/roots of parent organism)

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What is the purpose of Meiosis?

Cell division which creates gametes, all being genetically different

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What are the Gametes and Gonads in males and femals

Female Gamete = Eggs, Female Gonad = Ovaries

Male Gamete = Sperm, Male Gonad = Testes

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What is the Diploid number?

Total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell. 2n

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What is the Haploid number?

Total number of chromosomes in a germline cell/gamete n

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What is the process of sperm production called?

Spermatogenisis

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How long does it take to produce 1 sperm cell?

64-72 days

produced from puberty until death

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What is the process of egg production called?

Oogenesis

Eggs released from puberty until menapause

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What does Antenatal mean?

Human pre-birth development

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What does Gestational Age mean?

Length of pregnancy from last menstruation

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Where does fertilisation of an egg occur?

Fallopian Tube

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What is Nondisjunction?

Occurs when Chromosomes fail to separate properly

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Name 2 ADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

- Genetic Diversity | - Equips population with ability to survive change

Name 2 DISADVANTAGES of Sexual Reproduction

- Energy Requirements (must find and secure a mate) | - Elaborate Courtship

What does Gastrulation mean?

Organisation of inner cell mass into three primary germ layers.

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm

What are the Primary Germ layers made of?

Stem Cells

What are the 3 types of Stem Cells?

Totipotent, Pluripotent and Multipotent

What is a teratogen?

A factor which can cause a malformation in an embryo.

At which stage of the Interphase does DNA synthesis occur?

S stage of Interphase

What does undifferentiated mean?

Stem Cell has not yet turned into a specific cell

Embryonic Stem Cells are considered to be...

Totipotent

What cells can be produced from each primary germ layer?

Ectoderm- Skin Cell Mesoderm- Blood Cell Endoderm- Lung Cell

What are the 3 main stages that occur during human prenatal development?

Zygote, Embryo & Foetus

What are the 2 main components of the blastocyst?

Fluid and Outer Layer

What is a blastocyst?

A fluid filled structure with an inner cell mass surrounded by an outer layer of cells

How long is the embryonic period?

Approx 9 weeks following fertilisation

How long is the fetal period?

From 9 weeks until birth

How do Stem Cells divide?

Mitosis

What is a difference between a cancerous cell and a normal cell?

Cancerous cells do not respond to signals telling them to stop dividing

What is a source of Embryonic Stem Cells?

From inner cell mass in blastocyst

What is a mutagen?

An environmental factor that causes genetic mutations

What is recombination (crossing over)

Process of generating new combinations of alleles (genetic variation)

Where does recombination occur in Meiosis?

Prophase I

What occurs in Cytokinesis?

Cytoplasm is equally divided between daughter cells

What does genome mean?

The complete set of genetic material present within a haploid set of chromosomes

What is a gene?

Specific segment of DNA on a chromosome, which code for different traits.

What is an allele?

A different version of the same gene

What are the 4 Nucleotide bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

How do the bases pair?

A pairs with T | C pairs with G

Which scientist developed the concept of genes?

Gregor Mendel

What is meant by the term dominant?

A trait which is expressed in a heterozygous pair

What is meant by the term recessive?

A trait which is NOT expressed in a heterozygous pair

What is a Karyotype?

Visual representation of chromosomes, sorted into homologous pairs from largest to smallest.

What genetic difference does a person with Down Syndrome have?

3 chromosomes in the 21st group instead of 2

What genetic difference does a person with Kinefelter Syndrome have?

3 sex chromosomes instead of 2

What are the 3 types of Chromosomal changes?

Duplication, Deletion and Translocation

What does phenotype mean?

Visual expression of an organisms genetic makeup

What does genotype mean?

Genetic makeup which determines the phenotype

What does autosome mean?

Any chromosome which isn't a sex chromosome

What does homozygous mean?

Having 2 identical alleles

What does heterozygous mean?

Having 2 different alleles

What does locus mean?

Location of a gene on a chromosome

What is a polygene?

Group of genes which express a phenotype only when all shown

What is an example of a Polygenic Trait?

Height, Eye Colour, Skin Colour etc

What does autosome mean?

22 pairs of chromosomes (not sex chromosomes)

What does non-homologous pair mean?

Refers to a non-matching pair

What is the Kinetochore?

Attachment point for spindle fibre (surrounds centromere)

What is the Telomere?

Ends of chromosome, prevent chromosomes from sticking together

What is co-dominance?

Heterozygous organism showing both alleles in phenotype

What is dominant?

Refers to trait which IS expressed in heterozygous pair.

What is recessive?

Refers to trait which IS NOT expressed in a heterozygous pair

Name 2 benefits of The Human Genome Project:

Helps to understand Human Evolution | Can be used to develop treatments or diagnoses for genetic disorders

What genetic difference does a person with Turner's Syndrome have?

1 sex chromosome instead of 2 (XO)

What is DNA?

Chain of nucleotides which contain the genetic instructions used to encode life

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Corresponding bases have equal proportions | eg. A and

What is the difference between Ideogram and Karyotype?

Ideogram shows individual chromosomes, karyotypes shows homologous pairs

What is the difference between an Autosome and a Sex Chromosome?

Autosomes control body characteristics and somatic cells, sex chromosomes determine the sex of individual

What is the difference between Haploid and Diploid?

Haploid is number of chromosomes in gamete, diploid is number of chromosomes in somatic cell

What is the difference between Centromere and Kinetochore?

Centromere is where sister chromatids join, Kinetochore is protein structure which forms spindle fibres

What is the difference between Monosomy and Trisomy?

Monosomy is when 1 chromosome is present, Trisomy is when 3 chromosomes are present

What is a homologous chromosome pair made of?

1 Paternal chromosome and 1 Maternal chromosome

What is Epigenetics?

The alteration of the physical structure of DNA, which affect how genes are read

What is continuous variation?

Variation which has no limit on the number of possibilities which can occur. Eg Height

What is discontinuous variation?

When individuals can be grouped into categories based on limited outcomes. Eg Blood Type