UNIT 1 Ch.1-5 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
list 6 cellular microorganisms
A
- Eukaryotes
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Prokaryotes
- Helminths
2
Q
List 2 Acellular Microorganisms
A
- Virus
- Prions
3
Q
What are Akaryotes?
A
microorganisms with “no nucleus” another term for prokaryotes
4
Q
Strepto Arrangment
A
cells in a chain
5
Q
Staphylo Arrangment
A
Cells in random clusters
6
Q
Diplo Arrangment
A
when daughter cells remain attached (are in pairs)
7
Q
Tetrad Arrangment
A
when 2nd division plane is perpendicular to the 1st
8
Q
Sarcina Arrangment
A
When 3rd division plane is perpendicular to the tetrad produced CUBE SHAPED 8 CELLS
9
Q
GRAM + CELL WALL
A
Composed of 90% Peptidoglycan and Teichoic Acids that anchor wall to cytoplasmic membrane, SIMPLE structure
10
Q
GRAM - CELL WALL
A
Composed of 10% peptidoglycan and phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides, COMPLEX structure
11
Q
Who introduced technique of vaccinations
A
EDWARD JENNER
12
Q
Multicellular Eukaryotes that obtain nutrition from absorbing organic material from their environment
A
FUNGI
13
Q
Peptidoglycan is the molecule in most of these
A
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
14
Q
Waxy substance on mycobacterium that makes them hard to treat
A
MYCOLIC ACID
15
Q
what makes flagella run and tumble
A
RESPONSE TO STIMULI
16
Q
Rod shaped bacterium cells
A
BACILLI
17
Q
Spherical shaped clels
A
COCCUS
18
Q
Prokaryotes found in extreme conditions, don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls and don’t cause disease
A
ARCHAEA
19
Q
Movement caused by Cilia, Pseudopods, or Flagella
A
PROTOZOA
20
Q
Microbes used to remove environment pollutants
A
BIOREMEDIATION
21
Q
Polysaccharide composed of chains of two alternating sugars and cross bridges of amino acids
A
PEPTIDOGLCYAN
22
Q
Lack nucleus and organelles, simple structure
A
PROKARYOTES
23
Q
Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles, complex structure
A
EUKARYOTES
24
Q
What color do Gram + cell walls stain?
A
PURPLE
25
What color does Gram - cell walls stain
PINK
26
How do viruses multiply
INSIDE THE CELL HOST
27
Anchor filaments and hook to cell wall
BASAL BODY
28
Long, Whip like portion of flagella
FILAMENT
29
Background is light, specimen is clear; 1000x
BRIGHT-FIELD MICROSCOPE
30
background is dark, specimen is light
DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE
31
What does the nucleus contain in eukaryotes
GENETIC MATERIAL
32
Four Characteristics of life
RESPONSIVENESS, REPRODUCTION, METABOLISM, GROWTH
33
Which organism contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms that use photosynthesis
ALGAE
34
System for naming plants and animals; groups similar organisms together
TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
35
Bacteria and archaea
TYPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
36
He developed the taxonomic system
CARLOS LINNAEUS
37
Cell extension that flow in direction of travel
PSEUDOPODIA
38
Yeats, Molds, and Mushrooms
FORMS OF FUNGI
39
He discovered bacteria
ANTONI LEEUWENHOEK
40
All synthesis reaction in an organism
ANABOLISM
41
connects filaments to body
HOOK
42
How does algae obtain its energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
43
What products/gases do microbes produce
O2, CO2, NO, and CH3
44
Majority of Microbes are...
HARMLESS
45
Any agent that causes disease
PATHOGEN
46
Noninfectious disease caused by microbial infections
GASTRIC ULCERS, CANCERS, DIABETES
47
List classification in order
- DOMAIN
- KINGDOM
- DIVISION
- CLASS
- ORDER
- FAMILY
- GENUS
- SPECIES
48
Assignment of scientific names
NOMENCLATURE
49
Scientific name is combination of the ___ and ____ names
GENUS, SPECIES
50
Scientific names are ____ when they are in print and _____ when they are written by hand
Italicized, underlined
51
Unicellular and multicellular
ALGAE
52
Numerous, short protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmically to propel the protozoa through its environment
CILIA
53
Genes that are not surrounded by a membrane
LACKING NUCLEI
54
Is flagella present in all bacteria?
NO
55
Can Fungi and Protozoa cause disease in humans
YES
56
How many protein rings are in a GRAM - CELL?
FOUR
57
How many protein rings are in a GRAM + CELL
TWO
58
Algae contains within their cell walls
CELLULOSE
59
Reserve deposits of chemicals inside the cytosol
INCLUSION BODIES
60
Dormant structures produce by some bacteria; can survive unfavorable conditions for a long time
ENDOSPORES
61
Endospores are located only in this bacteria wall type
GRAM +
62
Where are ribosomes found
RER, CYTOPLASM, MITOCHONDRIA
63
Function of Glycocalyces
FORMATION OF BIOFILMS
64
Nonmembranous organelles in animal cells which assist in formation of flagella, cilia and cell division
CENTRIOLES
65
Cytoplasm region containing Centrioles
Centrosome
66
Contains chromatin and Nucleoli
NUCLEOPLASM
67
Smooth ER function
MAKE CARBS AND LIPIDS
68
Rod shaped with a single curve
VIBRIO
69
SPIRAL, Helix shaped, always gram -
SPIRILLUM
70
SPIRAL, Spring shaped and more flexible
SPIROCHETE
71
single flagella arrangment
MONOTRICHOUS
72
small bunches of tufts of flagella emerging from the same site.
LOPHOTRICHOUS
73
Flagella at both poles
AMPHITRICHOUS
74
Flagella all over
PERITRICHOUS
75
Lacking flagella
ATRICHOUS
76
Axial Filament unique to spirochetes
PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA
77
Protein extensions off the cell used to allow tight adhesions between epithelial cells
FIMBRIAE
78
Used in conjucate between bacterial cells. Type IV can transfer genetic material from one cell to another.
PILI
79
Thin long tubular extension of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels either to transfer amino acids
NANOTUBES
80
When do bacteria produce an S Layer
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
81
Glycocalyx structure
S LAYER + CAPSULE
82
nonessential pieces of DNA. Can become integrated into chromosome as needed. Duplicated and passed to offspring during reproduction.
PLASMID
83
Subunit size of ribisomes in bacteria and mitochondria
70S
84
Cell that actively grows and forms endospores. Begins with germination of an amino acid or inorganic salt
VEGETATIVE CELL
85
Forming endospores when environmental conditions become challenging. Bacterial endospores can withstand extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would kill a vegetative cells.
SPORULATION
86
Do eukaryotic flagella rotate or undulate
UNDULATE
87
In _______, flagella is inside of the cell and are wrapped in a membrane. In ______ , flagella is outside the cell.
EUKARYOTES, BACTERIA
88
Ribisome size in eukaryotic cells
80S, COMBINATION OF 60S AND 40S
89
Yeast fungal cell reproduce
ASEXUALLY
90
Molds consists of long, threadlike cells in chains called
HYPHAE
91
2 types of hyphae
REPRODUCTIVE AND VEGETATIVE
92
fungal cells that could be yeast or fungus
DIMORPHIC
93
Sources of fungal infections
– Community-acquired infections
– Hospital-associated infections
– Opportunistic infections: these are a growing threat to public health
94
Benefits of fungi
– Produce substances that inhibit or kill bacteria around them
– Decompose organic matter
– Play a major role in antibiotic/vaccines
95
Reproduction of fungi
outward growth of hyphae or fragmentation
96
Reproduction of spores
– Primary mechanism for reproduction
– Produced sexually or asexually
– Can be dispersed through the environment
97
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular
UNICELLULAR
98
methods of locomotion
Sarcodina (pseudopods)
Ciliophora (cilia)
Mastigophora (flagella)
Sporozoa (gliding)
99
protozoa when they are in their motile feeding stage. Requires ample food and moisture to remain active.
TROPHOZOITE
100
Dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
CYST
101
Can all protozoa convert to a cyst
NO
102
Flatworms divide into ....
CESTODES AND TREMATODES
103
Trematodes aka....
FLUKES
104
Cestodes aka....
TAPEWORMS
105
Roundworms aka...
PARASITES
106
The most developed system IN WORMS is the ____ tract.
REPRODUCTIVE
107
Helminths life cycle
- transmit an infection from (egg/larva) to the body of another host
- larvae develops in secondary host
- adulthood and mating occur in definitive host
108
Host that experiences no parasitic development, but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle
TRANSPORT HOST
109
protein covering of a virus’s nucleic acid core
CAPSID
110
Subunits of capsids
capsomeres
111
2 different arrangements of capsomeres
HELICAL AND ICOSAHEDRAL
112
rod shaped capsomeres. Continuous helix which the nucleic acid strain is coiled. Naked = cylinder shaped. Enveloped = flexible and loose helix
HELICAL
113
20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners. Contain several types oof capsomeres. Naked = spikes broken off.
ICOSAHEDRAL
114
protective covering capsid and nucleic acid together
NUCLEOCAPSID
115
* Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are referred to as ______ viruses
NAKED
116
phospholipid bilayer surrounding capsid of some viruses
ENVELOPE
117
proteins found on both naked and enveloped viruses
SPIKES
118
Function of SPIKES
Molecules that allow viruses to dock with their host cells
119
A fully formed virus
VIRON
120
The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
GENOME
121
What nucleic acid(s) is/are found in viruses
DNA, RNA, NEVER BOTH
122
which are bigger in size eukaryotes or viruses
eukaryotes
123
Phases of viral replication
* Adsorption
* Penetration and Uncoating
* Synthesis
* Assembly
* Release
124
A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule.
ADSORPTION
125
The range of hosts a virus can infect is limited because a virus can invade its host only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule
HOST RANGE
126
The cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid.
PENETRATION AND UNCOATING
127
enzymes break the vesicle down to the capsid leaving the virus in a state in which the nucleic acid is free
UNCOATING
128
viral spike proteins and viral matrix proteins are inserted to cell membrane. Viral protein becomes enclosed by portion of the membrane embedded with spikes and matrix and is released
BUDDING
129
virus induced damage to the cell that changes its appearance
CYTOPHATHIC EFFECTS (CPE)
130
fusion of multiple damaged host cells into single. Large cells containing multiple nuclei
SYNCYTIA
131
Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed
PERSISTANT INFECTION
132
Viral DNA incorporates into the DNA of the host.
PROVIRUS
133
Periodically become activated, Activation is usually associated with illness
Chronic latent state virus
134
Up to ___ of human cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.
13%
135
Increased rate of growth, changes in chromosome, change in the capacity to divide for a indefinite period
TRANSFORMED ONCOVIRUSES
136
Which step(s) of replication are skipped in the temperate phage ?
replication and release
137
Reminiscent of the provirus state, which is inserted into the bacterial chromosome
PROPHAGE
138
prophage in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle
INDUCTION
139
When a bacterium acquires a new trait form its temperate phage
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION
140
Protein noncellular infectious agents
PRIONS
