Unit 1 - Chapter 1 - Intro to pathophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
what is pathophysiology
A
the study of functional of physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes
2
Q
what is pathology
A
the labratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease
3
Q
what is disease
A
- deviation from the normal structure or function of any part/organ/system or state of wellness
- definite pathological process with characteristic sets of signs and symptoms
4
Q
what is homeostasis, when does disease develop, what happens under normal conditions and expand on normality
A
- the maintence of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
- disease develops when changes occur and homeostasis cannot be maintained
- under normal conditions homeostasis is maintained daily (blood pressure, temp)
- everyones normal is different, and small fluctuations occur daily
5
Q
what does pathophysiology require the use of and what is pathophysiology based on
A
- requires the use of anatomy and physiology
- is based on a loss of or a change in normal structure or function
6
Q
expand on the cause and effect relationship when it comes to pathophysiology and what is the primary focus of healthcare
A
- the cause and effect relationship is defined by signs and symtoms and facilitates the study of a specific disease
- prevention is the primary focus
7
Q
what is the basis for preventative teaching and what does it allow for
A
- the basis is a sound knowledge of pathophysiology
- allows for an understanding of disease manifestations, potential complications and the development of appropriate treatments
8
Q
what have new scientific developments led to and provide 2 examples
A
- ethical, social and legal issues
- genetic technology and artificial intelligence
9
Q
what and what percentage is health research funded by
A
- commercial sources
- 8%
10
Q
when are new therapies announces and what does it lead to
A
- announced before clinical trials even start
- leads to increased hope and demand for these therapies
11
Q
how many stages are there in the research process
A
3
12
Q
explain stage 1 of the research process. what is it reffered to as, what occurs and what does it require.
A
- referred to as basic science
- researchers work to identify a technology that will limit/prevent the disease process
- requires the use of animals/cell cultures for testing
13
Q
explain stage 2 of the research process
A
- involves a small number of human subjects to determine if the therapy is safe for humans
14
Q
explain stage 3 of the research process
A
- only takes place if the results of stage 2 were positive (majority don’t make it this far)
- patients with the disease/at risk for are enrolled in clinical trials (usually a double blind study)
15
Q
what happens in stage 3 of the research process if the research results have merit
A
- they are called evidence based research findings
- research data is passed on regulatory bodies
- therapy will be approved for use
16
Q
what do evidence based research findings not take into consideration
A
cost, availability, social/cultural factors
17
Q
expand on medical histories and what questions are asked
A
- health professionals with contribute, complete or update a patients medical/health history
- questions asked are current/prior illnesses, allergies, hospitilizations, treatments, prescriptions/supplements/therapy/drugs
18
Q
expand on the importance of new developments and trends and how WHO is involved
A
- it’s essential for health professionals to continually update their knowledge and check for new information
- the WHO takes data and publishes it leading to new research efforts, tracking new/deadly diseases and signaling abour predisposing conditions/current treatments
19
Q
what does pathophysiology focus on
A
focuses on the effects of abnormalities at the organ level, but cellular changes are integral to understanding the effects
20
Q
what does a disease/abnormal condition involve
A
- involves changes at the organ/system/cellular/microscopic level
21
Q
what is a biopsy
A
- examination of living tissue specimens
22
Q
what is a autopsy
A
examination after death
23
Q
what is a diagnosis
A
- the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs/symptoms and labratory tests
- more than 1 factor is usually required to vertify a diagnosis
24
Q
what is etiology
A
concerns the causative factors in a particular disease
25
what are some etiologic agents
congenital defects
inheritied/genetic disorders
viruses/bacteria
immunologic dysfunction
metabolic derangement
degenerative changes
malignancy
burns, other trauma
environmental factors
nutritional deficiencies
26
what does idiopathic mean
when the cause of disease is unknown
27
what does iatrogenic mean and give some examples
- when a treament/procedure/error causes disease
- bladder infection following catherization
- bone marrow damage caused by a prescription drug
28
what are predisposing factors and give some examples
- the tendencies that promote development of a disease
- age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, dietary practices
29
what does prophylaxis mean
a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
30
what does prevention mean
- anything you do to try to stop disease from developing
- closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors
- vaccinations, lifestyle modifications
31
what is pathogenesis
the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process
32
what does insidious mean
the gradual progression with vague/mild signs
33
what is an acute disease
short term illness that develops quickly with drastic signes
- fever, sharp pain
34
what is a chronic disease
- milder condition that develops gradually but persists for a long time and usually causes perminant damage
- usually has acute episodes
35
what does subclinical state mean
where pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations
36
what is the latent "silent" stage
- when no signs of disease are present
- in infectious diseases this stage is called the incubation period (the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms)
37
what is the prodromal period
- the time in early development of a disease when you are aware of changes in the body but the signs aren't specific
- labratory signs come back negative
38
what are manifestations of a disease
- the signs and symptoms of disease
39
what are signs
- objective indicators of disease
- skin rash or fever
40
what are symptoms
- subjective feelings
- pain and nausea
41
what is a lesion
a specific change in the tissue
42
what is a syndrome
- collection of signs/symptoms
- often affecting more then 1 organ
43
what are diagnostic tests
labratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a disease
44
what is remission
a period or condition in which the manifestation of the disease subside, permanently or temporary
45
what is exacerbation
worsening in the severity of the disease/signs/symptoms
46
what is a percipitating factor
a condition that triggers an acute episode
47
what is a complication
a new secondary problem that arises after the original disease begins
48
what is therapy
treatment measure used to promote recovery or slow the progess of a disease
49
what does sequelae mean
potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
50
what does convalescence/rehabilitation mean
period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state
51
what is a prognosis
the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
52
what is morbidity
- the disease rates within a group
- used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions cause within a population
53
what is mortality
the relative number of deaths resulting from a disease
54
what is an autopsy/postmortem exam
exam performed by a pathologist after death to determine the cause of death, course of illness and effectiveness of treatment
55
what is epidemiology
the science of tracking the pattern/occurence of disease
56
expand on the 2 factors that the occurence of a disease is tracked by
1) incidence
- indicated the number of new cases in a gien population within a time period
2) prevalence
- the number of new+old+exsisting cases within a specific population and time period
57
what is an epidemic
higher then expected numbers of disease in a given area
58
what is a pandemic
higher number of cases of disease in many regions of the glove
59
what are communicable diseases
- infections that can spread from person to person
- some must be reported to health authorities
60
what are notifiable/reportable diseases
- diseases that must be reported to health authorities
61
expand on cell mechanisms
cells have mechanisms by which they can adapt their growth and differntiation to altered conditions in the body
62
expand on tissue modification
tissues are frequently modifies as a response to hormonal stimulation or environmental stimuli
63
what are 3 reasons disease might develop
- cell structure changes
- function changes
- homeostasis cannot be maintained
64
what changed can damage/destroy cells
- changes in metabolic processes
- reduced levels of atp
- altered ph in the cells
- damage to cell membrane/receptors
65
what is atrophy and what can cause it
- a decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass
- causes include reduced use of tissue. insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic/hormonal stimulation and aging
66
what is hypertrophy and what can cause it
- increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass
- causes include additional work by the tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation
67
what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
68
what is metaplasia, what can cause it and what type of mechanism can it be
- when 1 mature cell is replaced by a different mature cell type
- can be caused by a vitamin a deficiency
- can be an adaptive mechanism that provides a more resistant tissue
69
what is dysplasia
- tissue where the cells vary in size and shape
- the rate of mitosis is increased because of large nuclei
- can be caused by chronic irritation infection or a precancerous change
70
what is anaplasia
- cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear/cell structures + numerous mitotic figures
- seen in most cancerous (malignant) tumors
71
what is neoplasia
means new growth
72
what is apoptosis and what occurs
- programmed death
- happens when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive or cells are injured/aged
- cells self destruct, digest themselves, disinegrate, and get engulfed by phagocytes
73
what is necrosis
- the death of 1+ cells or a portion of tissue/organ as a result of irreversible damage (not programmed death)
74
what are some examples of the irreversible damage that necrosis causes
- ischemia (decreased oxygen blood supply to tissue/organs)
- physical agents (excessive heat/cold)
- mechanical damage (pressure/tearing of tissue)
- chemical toxins
- bacteria
- nutritional deficits
- imbalances of fluids/electrolytes
75
what is hypoxia
decreased oxygen in the tissue
76
what is anaerobic metabolism
decreased PH in the cell
77
what is exogenous
chemicals from the environment
78
what is endogenous
chemicals from the inside of the body
79
what are microorganisms
- living organisms too small too be seen by the eye
- can induce a type of cell death called pyroptosis
80
what is pyroptosis
- results in the lysis (dissolution of the cell) releasing destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue which causes inflammation
81
explain stage 1/2 of cell damage
- alteration in metabolic reaction which leads to a loss of function of the cell
- the amount of damage increases, detectable morphologic changes occr ur in the nucleus/cell
82
explain stage 2/2 of cell damage
- the cell dies and the cell undergoes lysis (dissolution), releasing destructive lysoma enzymes into the tissues which causes inflammation
83
what is necrosis
when a group of cells die and cause further damage because of cellular disintegration
84
what is liquefication necrosis
when dead cells liquefy under the influence of cell enzymes
85
what is coagulative necrosis
when cell proteins are altered/denatured and the cells retain some form for a time after death
86
what is fat necrosis
- when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the prescence of infection/enzymes
- may cause inflammation
87
what is caseous necrosis
form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellow, cheesy substamce forms
88
what is infraction
area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
89
what is gangrene
- area of necrotic tissue (usually because of lack/loss of bloody supply) that is followed by an invasion of bacteria
- can present itself as wet or dry
90
what is gasgangrene
caused by buildup of gases within tissue and further reduces blood supply
