Unit 1: Chapter 2: Control of the Internal Environment

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of a relatively constant and “normal” internal environment

(Resting conditions)
(Heart rate, Body core temp. Arterial blood pressure)

Question 2

Steady State

Answer 2

The physiological variable is unchanging but not necessarily a “normal” resting value.

Like heart rate for submaximal exercise (heart rate stays elevated)

Question 3

How to gain control of a system?

Answer 3

The degree to which a control system maintenance homeostasis (precision or capability of the system)

Large gain (like breathing out CO2)

Question 4

What are examples of homeostatic control?

Answer 4

Regulation of body temperature
Blood vessels and sweat glands regulate the
temp

and regulation of blood glucose
Elevated glucose releases insulin

Question 5

What does exercise test?

Answer 5

Your homeostatic control
Asult to homeostasis
(exercise changes pH)

Question 6

What is Positive Feedback?

Answer 6

Biological response increases the original stimulus

(Blood clotting, childbirth, fever response)

Question 7

What is Negative Feedback?

Answer 7

Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis
(Cold, heat, etc.)

Question 8

What are 3 components of the biological system that maintain a constant value?

Answer 8

Sensor or receptor — Dedects change.

Control center —Makes a decision.

Effector — Actions

Question 9

What is fatigue?

Answer 9

The inability to maintain homeostasis

Question 10

Failure of a biological control system results in ——

Answer 10

disease
Body is unable to maintain homeostasis on it s own
Like diabetes + insulin

Question 11

Most Biological control systems can only maintain a steady state at —— Levels

Answer 11

Submaximail

Question 12

Adaptation

Answer 12

Change in cells to improve the ability to maintain homeostasis

Question 13

Acclimation

Answer 13

Adaptation to environmental stress that improves homeostasis

Question 14

Hormesis

Answer 14

Low-to-moderate doses of potentially harmful stress create an adaptive response.

Body adapting to tolerating stress

Exercise-induced hormesis——Protein Synthesis

Question 15

What is Exercise-induced Hormesis?

Answer 15

adaptation in the body due to exercise

You need the optimal exercise training of intensity;
—Not too much—Can’t adapt
—Not too little—Not challenging

Question 16

What is an example of Hormesis example?

Answer 16

Protien synthesis//
Hypertophy

Question 17

What is Cell Signialing.
What are two of its functions?

Answer 17

Communication between cells using chemical messengers;

1) Coordinates cellular activities
2) Important for maintaining homeostasis

Question 18

Intracrine Signaling

Answer 18

Chemical messenger inside the cell triggers responses

Question 19

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 19

Chemical messengers act on that same cell (membrane receptors)

Leaves the cell and connects with its own membrane

Question 20

Juxtacrine Signaling

Answer 20

Chemical messenger passed between two connected cells.

(Cells connected/touching)

Question 21

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 21

Chemical messengers act on nearby cells

Question 22

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 22

Chemical messengers (that is, hormones) released into the blood.

Affects cells with specific receptors to the hormone

Question 23

What is an EV? What type of signaling does it do? When is it released, how does it travel?

Answer 23

Extracellular Vesicles— Ev’s are small membrane-bound sacs that carry cargo (RNA + Proteins)

EVs — A signaling mechanism that can participate in both paracrine and endocrine signaling.

Released after exercise travels in the blood
—..

Question 24

What is a stress protein? What is an example? What can cause it?

Answer 24

Stress Proteins—Cells that synthesize when homeostasis is disrupted. It adapts so it can overcome it next time.

Heat shock proteins —proteins that unwind under heat. So, the heat shock proteins repair damaged proteins in cells.

Too much exercise