Unit 1: Chapter 3:

Question 1

What are the structures of the cell, and what are their functions?

Answer 1

1) Cell membrane (Sarcolmma in skeletal muscle)
— Separates cell from environment

2) Nucleus
— Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
—contains genetic info

3) Cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)
—Fluid
—Contains organelles
—Mitochondria

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 3

Metabolic Reactions:
Anabolic vs. Catabolic reactions
Which are Endergonic and Exergonic?

Answer 3

Anabolic reaction — Synthesis of molecules—(Endergonic)

Catabolic reaction —Breakdown of molecules—(Exergonic)

Question 4

Bioenergetic

Answer 4

Process of converting food to energy

(You can guess what the metabolism through oxygen consumption — How you burn calories )

Question 5

Coupled Reactions

Answer 5

Energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.

Question 6

Why do we release energy a little bit at a time instead of all at once?

Answer 6

So we don’t damage the cells.

Question 7

Oxidation + Reduction

Answer 7

Oxidation—Removing an electron or Hydrogen (remove — charge)

Reduction— Addition of an electron or Hydrogen (+)
(Or water)

Question 8

Oxidation and reaction are always ___ reactions.

Answer 8

Coupled reactions

Question 9

Two most important carrier molecules in electron transport?
What do they do?

Answer 9

NAD and FAD— Transfer electrons during bioenergetic reactions

1) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
—Oxidized from: NAD+
—Reduced from of NAD: NADH

2)Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
—Oxidized form of FAD: FAD
—Reduced form: FADH2

Question 10

what are Enzyme? What do they do to the speed of reactions?

Answer 10

Enzyme—Cellular proteins that catalyze reactions.

They speed up reactions by Lower the energy of activation

Question 11

What are factors that regulate enzyme activity?

Answer 11

1) Temperature
—Because temp. increases enzyme activity. And if it is a large temp increase, it could denature (uwind) them.

2) pH
—Any change to pH can decrease Enzyme activity
—Creates acid

Question 12

Which type of reactions can Enzyme-catalyze?
What do they interact with?
What type of rections can they do and do it to?

Answer 12

They can catalyze any type of reaction; All proteins
Substrates (Locke and key theory);
Catablic or Anabolic

Question 13

Kinases

Answer 13

Adds a phosphate to a reaction

Question 14

Dehydrogenases

Answer 14

Remove hydrogen

Question 15

Oxidases

Answer 15

Cataylze oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

Question 16

Isomerases

Answer 16

Rearrangment of the structure of molecules

Question 17

____ Levels in the blood serve as biomarkers of disease ot tissue damage

Answer 17

Enzyme

Question 18

Elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase in the blood by indicate a ____

Answer 18

myocardial infarction

Question 19

List THREE forms in which the human body stores energy

Answer 19

Carbohydrates, Fats, and protien

Question 20

List in order major energy systems; calorie range and distance?

Answer 20

ATP–(1)–(17.5 yards)
PCr—(4)—70 yards)
Carbs—(20-1,500)—(150 yards-15 Miles)
Fat—(7-80,000)—(123 yards-800 miles)
Protien—(30,000)—(300 miles)

Question 21

ATP can be thought of as the body’s “energy currency,” ATP stands for:

Answer 21

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 22

What is glucose?

Answer 22

Glucose–blood sugar

Question 23

What are lipid droplets of fat?

Answer 23

Triglcoride
Glycerol
Free Fatty Acid

Question 24

What is Glycogen? What is it made of? Where is it stored?

Answer 24

Glycogen—The storage form of glucose

Made: Polysaccharide, Glucose

Stored in: Liver, Skeletal Muscle

Question 25

What is Glcogenolysis?

Answer 25

break down of glycogen to glucose (By Enzyme Glycogen Synthase)

Question 26

What are fatty acids? How and where is it stored? How os it broken down?

Answer 26

Store it as **triglycerides** in fat or muscle; Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipolysis.

Question 27

What are proteins made of? How are they used as an energy scource?

Answer 27

**chain of Amino Acids (AA) ** (converted to glucose in the liver) == Gluconeogensis or converted to metablic intermediates (TCA) == fuel in muscle

Question 28

What are the different ways ATP forms?

Answer 28

**Anaerobic pathways:** No O2 1) PC Breakdown 2) Glycolisis (dehydration of glucose and glycogen) 3) Oxidative formation of ATP **Aerobic Pathways:** NEEDS O2 1) Oxidative phosporylation

Question 29

What is teh enzyme of teh phosphate system?

Answer 29

creatine Kinase

Question 30

What is the ATP—PC System? When is it used? When does it recharge? How many enzymatic reactions occur and which Enzyme does it use?

Answer 30

ATP-PC System// Phosphagen System—Rapid source of energy because it uses stored ATP (Anaerobic); At the beginning of ALL activities, replenishes it every 8 mins; Few Enzymatic reactions; creatine kinase

Question 31

Glycolysis is a ___ reaction.

Answer 31

Coupled Reaction

Question 32

Where does ATP-PC System take place?

Answer 32

Takes place outside the mitochondria; In the sarcoplasm

Question 33

What does Creatine kinase do?

Answer 33

catalyzes the breakdown of PC synthesis ATP

Question 34

What are the two phases of Glycolysis? What major event happens in each?

Answer 34

1) Energy investment phase —Glucose converted —2 ATP required 2) Energy generation/ harvest phase —4 ATP produced —2 NADH —2 pyruvate / lactatete

Question 35

What is fast Glycolysis?

Answer 35

Anaerobic glycolysis — Converts pyruvate to lactate —gain 2-3 ATP —oxy (30-120 secs) —High-intensity exercise

Question 36

What is Slow Glycolysis?

Answer 36

Aerobic glycolysis —Shuttles pyruvate to mitochondria —Kerba Cycle —Lower-intensity exercise —32 ATP per glucose!

Question 37

What is the Cori Cycle?

Answer 37

When lactate is transported in the blood liver to be converted to glucose

Question 38

Is lactate the cause of fatigue?

Answer 38

NO

Question 39

What enzyme catalyzes lacted from pyruvate?

Answer 39

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 40

Define rate-limiting enzymes

Answer 40

An enzyme that regulates the speed of a metabolic pathway

Question 41

What are the modulators of rate-limiting enzymes?

Answer 41

1) Levels of ATP and ADP+P (Too high = limit ATP production; too low = stimulate ATP production) 2) Calcium Stimulates aerobic ATP production