Unit 1: Chapter 3

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

• 1st to use the term cells

- described the small chambers within cork

Question 2

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 2

• botanist who observed plant tissue and described them being composed of cells
• thought cells divided through crystallization instead of cell division

Question 3

Theodor Schwann

Answer 3

• observed animal tissue
• realized that plant and animal tissues are similar
• cells are important in plant and animal tissue

Question 4

Robert Remak

Answer 4

• came up with modern cell theory
• cells come from other cells through cell division
• before Virchow

Question 5

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 5

• published cellular pathology essays
• cell theory became popular through Latin phrase all cells arise from cells
• father of pathology

Question 6

Key components of Cell Theory

Answer 6

1. All living things are made of cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
   3 all new cells arise from existing cells

Question 7

Key points of Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 7

Mitochondria and chloroplasts coming me from prokaryotic cells who have a symbiotic relationship with a eukaryotic host
Evidence:
1. Mitochondria/chloroplast dna/structure similar to bacteria
2. Mitochondria/chloroplast ribosomes similar to bacteria
3. Mitochondria/chloroplast similar to binary fission of bacteria instead of mitosis of eukaryotes

Question 8

Miasma theory

Answer 8

Disease comes from decomposing matter, found in sewage/cesspits

Question 9

Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 9

Diseases may result from microbial infection

Question 10

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 10

-washing hand between examining patients helped prevent infection

Question 11

John Snow

Answer 11

• first known epidemiological study: tracked the source of cholera outbreaks to drinking water
• first public response to an epidemic

Question 12

Snow and Semmelweis

Answer 12

-disease is not only transmitted through the air but also through contaminated items

Question 13

Louis Pasteur

Answer 13

• airborne microbes caused food spoilage not spontaneous generation
• if microbes caused food spoilage they also could cause infection

Question 14

Joseph Lister

Answer 14

• implemented phenol spray to disinfect during surgery to reduce post surgery infection
• standard medical practice

Question 15

Robert Koch

Answer 15

• Koch’s postulates

- established protocol to determine the cause of an infectious disease

Question 16

Prokaryotic cell characteristics

Answer 16

• no nucleus instead nucleoid
• 1 single circular chromosome found in nucleoid
• domains: Archaea and Bacteria
• no membrane bound organelles
• capsule

Question 17

Prokaryotic cell morphologies

Answer 17

• Coccus: round
• Bacillus: rod
• Vibrio: curved rod
• Coccobacillus: short rod
• Spirillum: spiral
• Spirochete: loose spiral

Question 18

Prokaryotic Cell Arrangements

Answer 18

• Coccus: single circle
• Diplococcus: pair of cocci
• Tetrad: Group of four cells in a square shape
• Streptococcus: chain of cocci
• Staphylococcus: cluster of cocci
• Bacillus: single rod
• Streptobacillus: chain of rods

Question 19

How do prokaryotic cells maintain their morphology?

Answer 19

-cell wall protects from changes in osmotic pressure

Question 20

Isotonic medium

Answer 20

-solute concentrations inside and outside of the cel are equal

Question 21

Hypertonic medium

Answer 21

-solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside so water diffused out of cell

Question 22

Hypotonic medium

Answer 22

Solute concentration inside the cell is greater than outside
-water moves into the cell, cell can burst

Question 23

Crenation

Answer 23

-cell is dehydrated/shriveled

Question 24

Plasmolysis

Answer 24

Plasma membrane detached from cel wall, cell wall remains intact so cell can maintain shape/integrity

Question 25

Plasmids

Answer 25

- in prokaryotic cells | - carry genes that help survive: antibiotic resistance/advantageous traits

Question 26

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

Answer 26

-have a size of 70s

Question 27

Inclusions

Answer 27

- in prokaryotic cells | - ability to store nutrients or used in metabolism/chemical process

Question 28

Vegetative cells

Answer 28

- sensitive to extreme temps/radiation - gram positive - normal water/enzymatic activity - active growth & metabolism

Question 29

Endospores

Answer 29

Structures that protect bacteria when conditions are unfavorable, can germinate and turn back into vegetative cells - resistant to temp/radiation - does not absorb gram stain - dehydrated/ no metabolic activity - dormant/no growth

Question 30

Peptidoglycan

Answer 30

- cell wall is made of this - only in bacteria - gram positive: thick layer - gram negative: thin layer

Question 31

Mycolic acid

Answer 31

- eternal waxy layer in cell wall | - acid fast stain

Question 32

Pseudopetidoglycan

Answer 32

-found in archaea

Question 33

Bacterial membrane

Answer 33

- made of phospholipids w/ integral/peripheral proteins - fatty acids are ester linked - Archaea are ether linked

Question 34

Glycocalyx

Answer 34

- a sugar coat - either capsule(organized/tight)or slime(less organized/loose) layers that help attach to surfaces or evasion of host immune system

Question 35

S-layer

Answer 35

-cell envelope in bacteria is outside acts as a cell wall in archaea

Question 36

Fimbriae

Answer 36

Short bristle proteins that stick out of cell surface to help attach to things

Question 37

Pili

Answer 37

Longer less numerous protein that stick out and help attach to surfaces

Question 38

F pilus/sex pilus

Answer 38

Important in the transfer of DNA between bacteria

Question 39

Flagella

Answer 39

Help cells move in aqueous environments

Question 40

Basal body

Answer 40

Motor of the flagellum embedded into plasma membrane

Question 41

Chemotaxis

Answer 41

-bacteria moves in response to chemicals like food or away from a repellent

Question 42

Monotrichous flagellum

Answer 42

Singular flagellum at one end of the cell (polar)

Question 43

Amphitrichous flagellum

Answer 43

Have a bunch of flagellum at each end

Question 44

Lophotrichous flagella

Answer 44

Have a bunch of flagella at one end of the cell

Question 45

Peritrichous flagella

Answer 45

Flagella that cover the entire surface of the cell

Question 46

Eukaryotic cell characteristics

Answer 46

- have a nucleus w/ a complex nuclear membrane (has 2 lipid bilayers) - membrane bound organelles - cytoskeleton - multiple rod shaped chromosomes - domain: Eukarya

Question 47

Nucleolus

Answer 47

-site of ribosomal synthesis

Question 48

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 48

- in mitochondria and chloroplasts size 70s | - in rough ER size is 80s

Question 49

Endomembrane System

Answer 49

- eukaryotic cells | - contains transport membrane bound organelles (vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus)

Question 50

Golgi apparatus

Answer 50

Modified lipids and proteins transported from ER

Question 51

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 51

- lipid biosynthesis - carbohydrate metabolism - detoxifies compounds

Question 52

Cytoskeleton

Answer 52

Provides support/ network for transport of intracelular materials - Microfilaments - intermediate filaments - microtubules

Question 53

Centrosomes

Answer 53

-forms spindles in mitosis

Question 54

Mitochondria

Answer 54

Site of cellular respiration | -2 membranes outer and inner w/ cristae

Question 55

Endocytosis

Answer 55

Take material into the cell

Question 56

Exocytosis

Answer 56

Expel matter from cell

Question 57

Difference between plasma membrane of eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Answer 57

-eukaryotic have sterols, glycoproteins/glycolipids, that help cells recognize good and bad cells

Question 58

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella

Answer 58

- eukaryotic has a more flexible flagella that whips instead of rotating

Question 59

Why are prokaryotes ubiquitous

Answer 59

- are extremely resilient and adaptable | - metabolically flexible, can switch drone 1 energy source to another

Question 60

Community

Answer 60

-prokaryotes live in a group that interact w/ each other and hosts (including humans)