Unit 1 Exam

Question 1

What have GMO’s done?

Answer 1

increased plant’s salt tolerance, heat tolerance, and produce greater crop yields

Question 2

What is a genome?

Answer 2

a complete set of genetic instructions for any organism

Question 3

What is an individual genome vs a species genome?

Answer 3

individual genome - different genes are turned on and off
species genome - all have the same in a species

Question 4

What is the biosphere?

Answer 4

air,water,soil

Question 5

why is there DNA in the biosphere?

Answer 5

we shed skin cells and organisms die and go into the earth

Question 6

What are the three divisions of genetics?

Answer 6

transmission, molecular, population

Question 7

What is transmission genetics?

Answer 7

how traits are passed down through generations and it focuses on the individual organism
(nature vs. nurture)

Question 8

What is molecular genetics?

Answer 8

the chemical nature of the gene (dna+rna)

Question 9

What are population genetics?

Answer 9

the genetic composition of populations, evolution + mutation

Question 10

What are the six model genetic organisms?

Answer 10

fruit flies, e-coli, caenorhabditis elegans, arabidopsis, house mouse, baker’s yeast

Question 11

What is pangenesis?

Answer 11

each part of the body contains genetic information for that particular part and gemmules carry information to the reproductive organs

Question 12

What is performationism?

Answer 12

a mini human is in the zygote and just grows

Question 13

What do histones do?

Answer 13

serve as a spool that the DNA wraps around

Question 14

What is a nucleosome?

Answer 14

the DNA, chromatin, histone complex

Question 15

Describe viruses

Answer 15

have no cellular structure and are therefore not alive

Question 16

What are telomeres?

Answer 16

the ends of chromosomes

Question 17

What is a centromere?

Answer 17

attachment point for spindle microtubules

Question 18

What is the kinetochore?

Answer 18

where the spindle fibers can attach

Question 19

What are the four chromosome structures?

Answer 19

submetacentric, metacentric, telocentric, acrocentric

Question 20

What is random assortment?

Answer 20

random distribution of chromosomes into the two newly divided cells in anaphase 1

Question 21

What is cohesion?

Answer 21

a protein that holds chromatids together and is key to the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

Question 22

How does shugoshin affect sister chromatids in meiosis I and II?

Answer 22

during anaphase I, shugoshin protects cohesion from the action of separase so that sister chromatids stay together, but it breaks down in anaphase II so that the sister chromatids can be separated.

Question 23

What is the process of spermatogenesis and which parts go through meiosis?

Answer 23

spermatogonium becomes a primary spermatocyte and these go through meiosis to create secondary spermatocytes, and they finish as spermatids

Question 24

What is the process of oogenesis?

Answer 24

the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte that goes through meiosis, creating the first polar body and the secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte completes meiosis after penetration of the sperm and it becomes an ovum

Question 25

What is true-breeding?

Answer 25

inbred with no genetic variability (same genotype x same genotype)

Question 26

What is a locus?

Answer 26

where genes are located on a chromosome

Question 27

What is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 27

a cross between two parents that differ in a single characteristic

Question 28

What is a reciprocal cross?

Answer 28

The phenotypes of the male and female parents are reversed - a tall male is crossed with a short female and a short male is crossed with a tall female

Question 29

What does P stand for?

Answer 29

true breeding parents; homozygous for all alleles (TT x tt)

Question 30

What is mendel's first law?

Answer 30

principle of segregation: each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic. these two alleles segregate when gametes are formed, and one allele goes into each gamete

Question 31

What is mendel's second principle?

Answer 31

the concept of dominance: when two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the trait encoded by one of them (the dominant) is observed in the phenotypes

Question 32

What is a test cross?

Answer 32

cross between an individual with an unknown genotype (but positive phenotype) and an individual with a homozygous recessive genotype (therefore has a recessive phenotype)

Question 33

What is the multiplication rule of probability?

Answer 33

applies to the probability of 2 or more independent events

Question 34

What is the addition rule of probability?

Answer 34

add the probabilities of each way of obtaining an outcome

Question 35

What is the ratio for heterozygous dihybrid crosses?

Answer 35

9:3:3:1

Question 36

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 36

alleles at two different loci separate independently