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BIO8 - Cell and Molecular Biology > Unit 1. Introduction to Cell > Flashcards

Unit 1. Introduction to Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Decribe CELL (4)

A

 small, membrane-enclosed units
 Filled with aqueous solution of chemicals
 Ability to multiply or divide
 Fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Cells vary enormously in _________ and _________

A

appearance (size)
function (chemical reactions, cellular activities)

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3
Q

Similarity of Cells include: (2)

A
  • similar basic chemistry
  • have genes (genetic instruction) stored in the DNA
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4
Q

How does genetic information flows:

A

 from DNA to RNA (transcription);
 and from RNA to protein (translation).

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5
Q

In 1665, he discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork.

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

Robert Hooke describe cells as ___________ and thought that cells only exist in _______ and ________

A
  • tiny boxes or a honeycomb
  • plants and fungi
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7
Q

In 1673, he used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum (single-celled
organisms) which he describe as ________

A
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
  • animalcules
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8
Q

Leeuwenhoek discovered that cells are found in ______ and ______

A

plants and animals

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9
Q

During the mid 19th century, very few cell theory
advancements were made that is probably due to the widely accepted,
traditional belief in

A

Spontaneous Generation

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10
Q

Much doubt existed around
Spontaneous Generation which conclusively disproved by

A

Louis Pasteur

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11
Q

discovery of NUCLEUS, which he describe as ‘opaque spot’ in cells of epidermis of orchids.

A

Robert Brown

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12
Q

It is the random motion of particles (Brown noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled)

A

Brownian motion

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13
Q

He coined the term
“protoplasm” to describe
the contents of the cell, describe the movement cilia
and the use of microtome

A

Johannes Purkinje

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14
Q

In 1838, he concluded that all
plant parts are made of cells

A

Matthias
Schleiden

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15
Q

In 1839- he stated that all animal
tissues are composed of cells.

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

He stated that every cell originated from another existing cell and demonstrated the first evidence of cell division in 1955

A

Rudolf Virchow

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17
Q

He was first to observed cells to have thin outer layer we known today as plasma membrane

A

Theodor Schwann

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18
Q

The phrase which was used by Virchow’s to explain concept of cells arising from pre-existing cells.

A

“Omnis cellula e cellula”

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19
Q

In 1940, he invented the electron microscope that enables to see the complex structure of the cell.

A

Vladimir Zworykin

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20
Q

According to the Cell Theory, all cells today represent a ______________ from the first living cells.

A

continuous line of descent

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21
Q

Cell Theory states that: (3)

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells (Schleiden and Schwann, 1838-39)
  2. Cells are the smallest living things.
    (Schleiden and Schwann, 1838-39)
  3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
    (Virchow, 1955)
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22
Q

All cells have certain structures in common which are? (3)

A
  1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus
  2. cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
  3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer
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23
Q

Modern Cell Theory consists of the 3 basic components of cell theory, plus 4 additional statements which are:

A
  1. The cell pass information from cell to cell during cell division using DNA.
  2. All cells have basically the same chemical composition and metabolic activities.
  3. All cells have basically the same chemical & physiological functions.(movement, digestion, etc)
  4. Cell activity depends on the activities of structures within the cell. (organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane)
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24
Q

are required to visualize
cells

A

Microscope

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25
Q

can resolve
structures that are 200nm apart

A

Light microscope

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26
Q

can resolve
structures that are 0.2nm apart

A

Electron microscope

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27
Q

2 types of cell

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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28
Q

Region of cytoplasm where prokaryote’s genome/ DNA
is located. Usually a singular, circular
chromosome.

A

Nucleoid

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29
Q

Small extra piece of
chromosome/genetic material which is usually 5 - 100 genes

A

Plasmid

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30
Q

Location of growth,
metabolism, and replication.

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

Gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and
contains cell structures.

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

Bacteria’s way of storing
nutrients. Staining of some aids in identification.

A

Granule

33
Q

thought to be a feature only of eukaryotes; discovery became a major advancement in the
study of prokaryotes

A

Cytoskeleton

34
Q

Separates the cell from its environment; has phospholipid bilayer that characterizes semi-permeability

A

Plasma Membrane

35
Q

Region of the bilayer that is water-loving? water-fearing?

A

hydrophilic
hydrophobic

36
Q

Prokaryotes’ Surface Appendages (4)

A

Flagella
Axial filament (endoflagella)
Fimbriae
Pili

37
Q

Long, thin extensions

A

Flagella

38
Q

Wind around bacteria,
causing movement in waves.

A

axial filament (endoflagella)

39
Q

short, fine
appendages around the cell with no role in motility

A

Fimbriae

40
Q

tubes that are longer
than fimbriae but shorter than
flagella

A

Pili

41
Q

Most bacteria are classified according to shape. Identify the following:
a. rod-shaped
b. spherical
c. spiral with rigid cel wall (flagella)
d. spiral with flexible cel wall (axial filament)

A

Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Spirochete

42
Q

Shape: elongated coccal
form

A

Coccobacilli

43
Q

bacilli that occur in long threads

A

Filamentous

44
Q

bacilli with tapered ends

A

Fusiform

45
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes (5)

A

 does not have a nucleus
 single-celled organisms
 have few organelles
 perform few functions
(Eat, Respire, Reproduce)
 smaller than other cells

46
Q

Is a fluid present in the cell membrane

A

Cytosol

47
Q

Viruses are not living because they: (4)

A

• are not made of cells
• need a host cell to reproduce
• are very small compared to a cell
• only contain nucleic acids

48
Q

Characteristics of
Eukaryotes (6/7)

A

has a nucleus
can be single or multicellular
have many organelles, performing
complex functions
specialized to perform specific functions
larger than prokaryotic cells
Animals, plants, fungi and protists are
made of eukaryotic cells

49
Q

• Nickname: “The
Control Center”
• Function: holds the
DNA

A

Nucleus

50
Q

Cytoplasm
consists of: (3)

A

CYTOSOL – liquid portion
ORGANELLES – specialized
cellular compartments
INCLUSIONS – chemical
substances

ADD’L INFO
- Glycogen (muscle & liver
cells)
- Lipid droplets (fat cells)
- Melanin granules (skin & hair
cells)

51
Q

Function: Energy formation
by breaking down food to make
ATP

A

Mitochondria
Nickname: The Powerhouse

52
Q

is the major fuel for all cell
activities that require energy

A

ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

53
Q
  • Function: makes
    proteins
    • Found in all cells,
    prokaryotic and
    eukaryotic
    • dense particles
    of rRNA and
    protein
A

Ribosome

54
Q

network of rods that
support the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

thick rods composed of tubulin
Eg. centrioles

A

Microtubules

56
Q

thin filaments composed of
actin

A

Microfilaments

57
Q

tough protein fibers

A

Intermediate filaments

58
Q

Cellular Extensions in Eukaryotes

A
  • microvilli
  • cilia
  • flagella
59
Q

fingerlike
projections of the plasma
membrane; increase surface area for
absorption

A

Microvilli

60
Q

short hair-like
projections; propel substances over
surface of cell

A

Cilia

61
Q

long hair-like
projections; propel the cell

A

Flagella

62
Q

Nickname: “Roads”
Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
2 types: Smooth ER and Rough ER

63
Q

Rough ER has rough appearance because it has ______ that has function to _______

A

ribosomes
help making proteins

64
Q

Function of Smooth ER

A

makes fats or lipids

65
Q

Nickname: The shippers
Function: packages, modifies, and
transports materials to different
location inside/outside of the cell
Appearance: stack of pancakes

A

Golgi Apparatus

66
Q

 Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
Function: to break down food into particles the rest of
the cell can use and to destroy old cells.

A

Lysosomes

67
Q

 membranous sacs of oxidase & catalase
enzymes;
 detoxify alcohol & neutralize dangerous
free radicals.

A

Peroxisomes

68
Q

Characteristics of Plant Cell

A

Have a cell wall and cell membranes
Have a large vacuole unlike the animal cell
which only has small vacuoles
Have mitochondria to convert sugar to usable
energy for the cell
Have a few lysosomes
Are more rectangular in shape
Have chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Make sugar to store solar energy

69
Q

Function: stores water
This is what makes lettuce crisp

A

Vacuole

70
Q

Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food
for the plant cell
Green in color

A

Chloroplast

71
Q

Function: provides
support and
protection to the
cell membrane
Found outside the
cell membrane in
plant cells

A

Cell wall

72
Q

Animal and Plant Cells Both Have: (7)

A

A nucleus
Ribosomes that make protein
Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Vacuoles that store food, water and waste
products.

73
Q

Characteristics of Animal Cells

A

Can not make their own food
Have many lysosomes
Are more round shaped
Have centrioles
Use mitochondria to release energy
Have many Golgi bodies
Have more extensive cytoskeleton than plant cells
Do not have a cell wall
Do not have a large
vacuole
Do not have chloroplasts

BIO8 - Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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