Unit 2. Biochemistry of Cell

Question 1

Some trivia about water (just read)

Answer 1

• In human tissues, the percentage of water ranges from 20% in
bones to 85% in brain cells!
• The water content is greatest in young cells and decreases
with age.
• About 70% of your total body weight is water and about 95%
of jellyfish and some plants is water!

Question 2

I. Oxygen is more electronegative
than hydrogen.
II. O atom hogs electrons and
keeps them away from the H
atoms.
III. This gives the oxygen end of the
water molecule a partial
positive charge, while the
hydrogen end has a partial
negative charge.

Which statement/s is/are true?

A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II
E. I and III
F. All
G. None

Answer 2

D
[III.] Oxygen - partial negative charge
Hydrogen - partial positive charge

Question 3

Properties of Water (5)

Answer 3

1. COHESION & ADHESION
   • surface tension, capillary action
2. GOOD SOLVENT
   • many molecules dissolve in H2O
   • hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
3. LOWER DENSITY AS A SOLID
   • ice floats!
4. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
   • water stores heat
5. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
   • heats & cools slowly

Question 4

What property of water:
H bonding between H2O molecules
• water is “sticky”
• surface tension
• observed on water in drinking straw

Answer 4

Cohesion

Question 5

What property?
H bonding between H2O & other substances
• capillary action
• meniscus
• water climbs up
paper towel or cloth

Answer 5

Adhesion

Question 6

makes H2O a good solvent

Answer 6

Polarity

Question 7

Bodies of water that don’t freeze solid as mentioned in the ppt

Answer 7

Ocean and lakes

Question 8

Molecules in cells are all?

Answer 8

ORGANIC

Question 9

Compounds that arr made up of hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen atoms)

Answer 9

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Question 10

An active ingredient in the
most widely used insect
repellants, effective against
mosquitoes, fleas and ticks.

Answer 10

DEET (N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide)

Question 11

Four classes of biological macromolecules:

Answer 11

Proteins
 Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid

Question 12

They contain hydrocarbons (carbon
and hydrogen)
and other elements: oxygen,nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulfur.
(CHONPS)

Answer 12

Macromolecules

Question 13

Elements found in Carbs (3)

Answer 13

C
H
O

Question 14

Main source of energy of the body.

Answer 14

Simple Carbohydrates

Question 15

Is the simple sugar.

Answer 15

Monosaccharide

Question 16

T or F
Glucose is a monomer.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

For long term storage for energy.

Answer 17

Complex Carbohydrates

Question 18

is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers found in grains and tubers

Answer 18

Starch

Question 19

 also a glucose
polymer
Offers plant support
Energy storage
Makes up the cell wall
Food source for seeds
and plant bulbs

Answer 19

Cellulose

Question 20

A branched polymer
made up of numerous
glucose monomers.
Long-term energy
storage found in the liver
Quickly broken down
into glucose

Answer 20

Glycogen

Question 21

Elements in Lipids

Answer 21

Mostly C,H, and some O

Question 22

They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body
temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones
estrogen and testosterone

They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are
waxes!

Answer 22

Glycogen (Lipids)

Question 23

Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that
have a Glycerol Backbone (Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail

Answer 23

Fat

Question 24

Glycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid Chains

Answer 24

Triglycerides

Question 25

Elements of Proteins

Answer 25

Made up of Mostly C,H,O, and N (Some Sulfur)

Question 26

 Structural molecules  All cell membranes have protein in them.  Antibodies in the immune system  Enzymes for helping chemical reactions  Non-steroid hormones

Answer 26

Proteins

Question 27

Proteins that are involved in creating PROTEINS.

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

Types of Protein Structure (4)

Answer 28

Primary Protein Structure - sequence of a chain of amino acids. Secondary Protein Structure - hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern Tertiary Protein Structure - Three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions. Quatenary Protein Structure - Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain.

Question 29

Types of Proteins (7)

Answer 29

1. Structural (Tendons, Cartilage, Hair, Nails) 2. Contractile (Muscles) 3. Transport (Hemoglobin) 4. Storage (Milk, Nuts, Seeds) 5. Hormonal (Insulin, Growth hormone) 6. Enzymes (Catalyzes reactions in cells) 7. Protection (Immune Response)

Question 30

Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles.

Answer 30

Insulin

Question 31

is a condition when a person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

Answer 31

Diabetes

Question 32

Proteins in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Answer 32

Hemoglobin

Question 33

are part of immune system. When foreign organisms enters the body, they find the invader and stick themselves into it.

Answer 33

Antibodies

Question 34

Speed up rate of chemical reactions ( a catalyst) by lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction.

Answer 34

Enzymes

Question 35

Factors affecting enzyme activity (4)

Answer 35

- temperature - pH - enzyme concentration - substrate concentration

Question 36

are the monomers of nucleic acids

Answer 36

Nucleotides

Question 37

is the “information molecule”

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called

Answer 38

Genes

Question 39

stores the directions for making protein

Answer 39

Gene

Question 40

Each gene is further divided into three nucleotide subsegments called

Answer 40

Codons

Question 41

Each nucleotide monomer in DNA is built from three simple molecular parts:

Answer 41

 Deoxyribose sugar,  phosphate group, and  Nitrogenous base

Question 42

is a cyclical molecule.  fifth carbon atom is attached to the fourth carbon of the ring  hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the third carbon in the ring.

Answer 42

Deoxyribose

Question 43

phosphorous atom with four oxygen atoms bonded to it.

Answer 43

Phosphate group

Question 44

A bond that join one DNA nucleotide to another that always link the 3’ carbon of the first nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of the second nucleotide and in DNA polymers connect the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another nucleotide

Answer 44

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 45

What do you call the sequence of repeated condensation reactions in DNA replication that links nucleotide monomers into a DNA polymer?

Answer 45

dehydration synthesis

Question 46

Orientation of DNA

Answer 46

Antiparallel

Question 47

nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by

Answer 47

Hydrogen bonds

Question 48

This creates consistency in the nucleotide sequences of the two DNA polymers that join together to make a chromosome

Answer 48

Complementary base pairing

Question 49

Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

Answer 49

Purines - A, G Pyrimidines - C, T(U)

Question 50

RNA functions in cellular

Answer 50

protein synthesis

Question 51

What makes RNA prone to hydrolysis?

Answer 51

The presence of a chemically reactive hydroxyl (−OH) group attached to the second carbon group in the ribose sugar molecule

Question 52

Types of RNA (3)

Answer 52

 messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries DNA message to ribosomes.  transfer RNA (tRNA) - transfer amino acids to ribosomes.  ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell

Question 53

Additional process that RNA have?

Answer 53

Reverse Transcription