Unit 1: Neuroanatomy pgs 1-16 Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
a collection of neuron cell bodies
A
Grey matter
2
Q
a cluster of neuron cell bodies that are morphologically distinct from other neurons (grey matter)
A
Nucleus
3
Q
“layer” or “band” of gray matter= nuclei
A
Lamina
4
Q
nuclei, collection of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter)
A
Bodies
5
Q
gray matter located on the outer surface
A
Cortex
6
Q
an aggregation of neuronal processes/axons/ fibers
A
White matter
7
Q
a collection of neuronal fibers/axons that are anatomically or functionally distinct (white matter)
A
Tract
8
Q
“bundle” of axons (white matter)
A
fasciculus
9
Q
“ribbon” or “band” of axons (grey matter)
A
lemniscus
10
Q
“column” or “cord” of white matter
A
Funiculars
11
Q
fibers/axons that are traveling rostrally
A
ascending
12
Q
fibers/axons that are traveling causally
A
Descending
13
Q
The part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum.
A
Brain stem
14
Q
Three divisions of the brain stem
A
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
15
Q
gray matter areas of the medulla
A
Inferior Olivary Nuclei
cranial nerve nuclei
16
Q
paired nuclear complex (L, R) that forms landmarks on ventrolateral surface
A
Inferior Olivary Nuclei aka olives
17
Q
clusters of neurons that contribute fibers to or receive fibers from a cranial nerve.
A
Cranial nerve nuclei
18
Q
Cranial nerve nuclei found in the grey matter of the medulla
A
XII - hypoglossal XI - spinal accessory X - vagus IX - glossopharyngeal VIII - vetibulocochlear (part of complex) V - trigeminal (part of complex)
19
Q
white matter areas of the medulla
A
- ascending and descending fiber tracts (ex: pyramids)
- inferior cerebellar peduncles
20
Q
paired (L, R) landmark structures on ventral surface of medulla comprised of descending corticospinal fibers/axons
A
Pyramids
21
Q
paired structures on the dorsal surface of the medulla that help attach the cerebellum to the medulla and consists mostly of axons going to and from the cerebellum
A
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
22
Q
Grey areas of dorsal pons include which cranial nerve nuclei
A
VIII - vestibulocochlear (part of complex)
VII - facial
VI - abducens
V - trigeminal (part of complex)
23
Q
White matter areas of the dorsal pons
A
Middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs)
24
Q
paired structures (R + L) of the dorsal pons that contain fibers mainly traveling to cerebellum
A
Middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs)
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What part of the pons includes white and gray matter areas
Ventral pons
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collection of neuron cell bodies in the ventral pons that receive input from neurons of the (ipsilateral) cerebral cortex and project axons to the contralateral side of the cerebellum to form the middle cerebellar peduncle that connects the pons to the cerebellum
Pontine nuclei
27
What part of the brain stem includes part of the brain ventricular system? Which part of the ventricular system?
Midbrain: the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) divides the midbrain into two portions: ventral & dorsal midbrain
28
What part of the midbrain is formed by a pair of cerebral peduncles - which include white and gray matter?
ventral midbrain or base of the midbrain
29
gray matter of the ventral midbrain includes which cranial nerve nuclei:
CN III - oculomotor nerve
CN IV - trochlear nerve
CN V - trigeminal nerve (part of complex)
30
What part of the midbrain is also known as the tectum?
Dorsal midbrain
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The dorsal midbrain includes:
- 2 pairs of nuclei, the superior and inferior colliculi
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The midbrain is divided into:
Ventral midbrain
Dorsal midbrain
Superior cerebellar peduncles
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Neurons of the superior colliculi are concerned with what kind of reflexes?
coordinating certain reflexes in response to visual and auditory information
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neurons of the inferior colliculi are involved in?
conscious auditory pathway
35
What white matter structures connect cerebellum to the midbrain and cerebrum?
superior cerebellar peduncles
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Where is most of the grey matter distributed in the cerebellum? Where is some grey matter also found?
- on the outer surface forming the cerebellar cortex
| - embedded in the medullary center as grey matter nuclei
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The leaf-like folds of the cortical surface of the cerebellum are called what?
folia
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The white matter that forms the center of the cerebellum is called what?
medullary center
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Functional features of the cerebellum include:
- receives input from most sensory systems and cerebral cortex
- influences activity (posture, equilibrium, coordination) of the skeletal muscle
40
Is cerebellar control of motor activity conscious or unconscious?
largely unconscious
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What 3 paired structures connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
inferior cerebellar peduncles
middle cerebellar peduncles
superior cerebellar peduncles
42
What are the two major parts of the cerebrum?
diencephalon
| telencephalon
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The two halves of the diencephalon are separated by what structure?
3rd ventricle
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What forms the core of the cerebrum?
diencephalon
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The diencephalon is mostly white or grey matter?
mostly grey with some white
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What are the parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
hypothalamus
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What is the structure that is composed of a collection of neurons/nuclei that relay most sensory information to the cerebral cortex? What is another function of this structure?
- thalamus
| - involved in motor pathways
48
What is the principle autonomic center of the brain that helps control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
hypothalamus
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What structure of the diencephalon helps control the activity of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
50
What structure of the diencephalon includes the pineal gland?
epithalamus
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Where is the epithalamus located relative to the thalamus?
dorsal medially
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Where is the sub thalamus located relative to the thalamus and hypothalamus?
inferior to the thalamus and posterior to the hypothalamus
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What is the sub thalamic nucleus involved in?
motor pathways
54
What divides the left and right hemispheres of the telencephalon?
longitudinal cerebral fissure
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The grey matter of the telencephalon is organized into which areas?
- cerebral cortex
| - corpus striatum
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The nuclei (grey matter) located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that are important in motor control function are called what?
corpus striatum
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White matter of the cerebrum is organized how?
as the medullary center
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What are the three types of fibers that comprise the medullary center?
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- projection fibers
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Fibers/axons that connect a cortical area of one cerebral hemisphere to a similar cortical area of the opposite hemisphere?
commissural fibers
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When commissural fibers cross from one hemisphere to another, they ______.
decussate
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Fibers/axons that connect different cortical areas within a single cerebral hemisphere?
association fibers
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Fibers/axons that connect an area of the cerebral cortex to a subcortical area or subcortical area to a cerebral cortical area?
projection fibers
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Corpus callosum is an example of what type of fibers found in the cerebrum?
commissural fibers
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The fibers that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (thalamo-cortico fibers) are an example of what type of fibers found in the cerebrum?
projection fibers
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Many of the projection fibers converge to form a compact zone of axons called______ that is positioned deep in each cerebral hemisphere
the internal capsule
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The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is highly convoluted forming a series of folds called ______
gyri (gyrus = ring or circle)
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The grooves or furrows that intervene between adjacent gyri are called ______.
sulci
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The five anatomical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
(1) frontal lobe
(2) parietal lobe
(3) temporal lobe
(4) occipital lobe
(5) insula or Island of Reil
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What is the series of fluid-filled spaces within the brain? What is it derived from?
- ventricular system
| - derived from the neural canal of the embryonic neural tube
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What lines the ventricular system?
Ependymal cells
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The structure in the ventricular system that secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the ventricular spaces
Choroid plexus
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CSF circulates out of the ventricles into what space?
Arachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
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What is the total volume of CSF?
80-150 mL
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CSF is constantly produced (and resorbed) at a rate up to ________.
450 mL per day
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Most CSF is resorbed at the arachnoid villi into what structure?
the superior sagittal venous sinus
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Functions of CSF include:
- cushioning the brain against traumatic impact
- circulation of nutrients
- waste removal
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Paired chambers of the ventricular system within each cerebral hemisphere?
Lateral ventricles
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Unpaired space of the ventricular system that is located between the two halves of the diencephalon?
3rd ventricle
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Paired structures that connect anterior horn of each lateral to the III ventricle?
interventricular foramina (of Monro)
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Ventricular canal that resides within the midbrain, dividing it into two parts, and connects the III ventricle to the IV ventricle?
cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
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unpaired chamber of the ventricular system that the cerebellum forms the ‘roof’, the pons and medulla form the ‘floor’?
4th ventricle
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The floor of the IV ventricle is also called?
Rhomboid fossa
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What are the paired structure of the ventricular system that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
lateral apertures = foramina of Luschka
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What is the unpaired structure of the ventricular system that connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna?
median aperture = foramen of Magendie
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What is another name for the cisterna magna?
Cerebellomedullary cistern (named for its location at the junction fo the cerebellum and the medulla)
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What is the circulation of CSF
(Produced by choroid plexus) lateral ventricles → interventricular foramina of Monro→III ventricle→ cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius→ IV ventricle→ foramina of Luschka/lateral apertures and foramen of Magendie/median aperture → cisterna magna → subarachnoid space → resorption by arachnoid villi →superior sagittal venous sinus
87
Excess CSF resulting in increased CSF pressure is called?
Hydrocephalus
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What are some potential causes of hydrocephalus?
Excess secretion
Blockage
Poor resorption
(Can be congenital or acquired)
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Blockage of CSF out of the ventricles is called what? What would occur in the other ventricles if there was a blockage?
- Non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus
| - excess CSF would accumulated upstream of the blockage
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What is excess CSF throughout entire ventricular system called?
Communicating hydrocephalus
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What is an abnormal increase in CSF that causes the ventricles to enlarge called? What is the cause?
- normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH):
| - often idiopathic
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What sort of clinical symptoms might occur with hydrocephalus?
-mechanical damage to tissues, resulting in
neurological deficits
-HAs
-papilledema
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What is papilledema?
edema of the optic disc where the optic nerve
| connects
94
What is the nucleus involved in motor control that lies along the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
95
Where, relative to the lateral ventricle, is the head of the caudate nucleus found?
in the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle
96
Where, relative to the lateral ventricle, is the body of the caudate nucleus found?
in lateral wall of the body of the lateral ventricle?
97
Where, relative to the lateral ventricle, is the tailed of the caudate nucleus found?
in the ‘roof’ of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
98
Nuclear complex of the limbic system that is positioned just beyond the tip of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle and anterior to hippocampus?
Amygdala
99
What is the gray matter structure of the limbic system that is involved in processing memory and emotions?
Hippocampus
100
Where is the hippocampus located relative to the ventricular system?
lies along the ‘floor’ of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
101
What is the major tract of fibers that originates from the hippocampus and projects largely to the diencephalon (hypothalamus)?
Fornix
102
What are the series of nuclei (gray matter) positioned deep in each hemisphere that are involved in motor control?
Corpus striatum
103
What is the medial portion of the lentiform/lenticular nucleus called?
Globus pallidus (pallidum)
104
What is the lateral portion of the lentiform/lenticular nucleus called?
Putamen
105
The anterior limb of the internal capsule separates what two structures?
Head of the caudate nucleus from the lenticular nucleus
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The posterior limb of the internal capsule separates what structures?
lenticular nucleus and the thalamus
107
The internal capsule is comprised of what kind of fibers?
Projection fibers
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Damage to the internal capsule would result in what?
Sensory and/or motor deficits
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What is the thin structure that separates the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum
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What is the gray matter structure that physically connects the left and right halves of the thalamus but is not always present?
interthalamic adhesion = aka “massa intermedia”
111
What is the bulge of the spinal cord that accommodates for innervation of the upper extremities via the brachial plexus? What vertebral level is it located between?
Cervical enlargement between C4-T1
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What is the bulge of the spinal cord that accommodates for innervation of the lower extremities? What vertebral level is it located between?
Lumbosacral enlargement between L2-S3
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What happens to the diameter of the spinal cord through the thoracic region?
It narrows
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The collection of lumbosacral roots in the lower part of the subarachnoid space?
Cauda equine
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The part of the spinal cord that is at vertebral level: L1-L2 and tapers into filum terminale
Conus medullary
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Is the ventral median (V-M) fissure continuous or discontinuous along the spinal cord?
Continuous
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Is the dorsal median (D-M) sulcus continuous or discontinuous along the spinal cord?
Continuous
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Are the ventral lateral (V-L) sulci continuous or discontinuous along the spinal cord?
Continuous
119
The zone of ventral rootlets of spinal nerves is located along what spinal cord landmark?
Ventral lateral sulci
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Are the dorsal lateral (D-L) sulci continuous or discontinuous along the spinal cord?
Continuous
121
The zone of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves is located along what spinal cord landmark?
Dorsal lateral sulci
122
Are the dorsal intermediate (D-I) sulci continuous or discontinuous along the spinal cord?
Discontinuous, present at T6 and above only
123
How is the white matter of the spinal cord distributed relative to the grey matter?
It is distributed peripherally, surrounding the gray matter
124
What are the three divisions of white matter areas in the spinal cord?
- Posterior/dorsal funiculi
- Lateral funiculi
- Anterior/ventral funiculi
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What paired anatomical divisions of the spinal cord are bordered by the dorsal median sulcus and dorsal lateral sulcus and composed mainly of ascending fibers?
Posterior/dorsal funiculi
126
The lateral funiculi are composed of ascending fibers, descending fibers or both?
Both
127
The anterior/ventral funiculi are composed of ascending fibers, descending fibers or both?
Both
128
The posterior/dorsal funiculi are composed of ascending fibers, descending fibers or both?
Primary ascending fibers
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A ‘bundle’ of fibers that have a similar origin, course, termination or function is called?
Fasciculus
130
What is the function of ascending or sensory pathways of fasciculi?
To carry information to the higher centers of the CNS
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What is the function of descending or motor pathways in fasciculi?
To help mediate motor activity
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What is another name for the dorsolateral tract of the spinal cord?
Lissauer’s tract
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Is Lissauer’s tract continuous or discontinuous through the spinal cord?
Continuous
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Where is Lissauer’s tract located?
At the dorsal lateral sulcus
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What kind of fibers are found in Lissauer’s tract?
ascending and descending fibers that travel short distances along the cord
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Is fasciculus gracilis continuous or discontinuous in the spinal cord?
Continuous
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What kind of fibers are found in fasciculus gracilis?
Primarily ascending
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What kind of fibers are found in fasciculus cuneatus?
Mainly ascending
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What kind of fibers are found in spinothalamic tract?
Mainly ascending
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Is the fasciculus cuneatus continuous or discontinuous in the spinal cord?
Discontinuous, only presentation T6 or above when the dorsal intermediate sulcus appears
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Is the spinothalamic tract continuous or discontinuous in the spinal cord?
Continuous
142
Where is the spinothalamic tract located?
located in the anterolateral part of the white matter
143
What kind of fibers are found in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord?
mostly decussating (crossing) fibers that contribute to the spinothalamic tract
144
What portion of the spinal cord grey matter contains primarily sensory neurons?
Posterior/dorsal horns
145
What portion of the spinal cord grey matter contains primarily motor neurons?
Anterior/ventral horns
146
What portion of the spinal cord gray matter extends from one side, across midline, to the opposite side and includes sensory neurons and inter neurons?
Intermediate zone
147
What portion of the spinal cord grey matter is comprised of preganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Lateral horns
148
Where are the lateral horns of the spinal cord grey matter located?
In the lateral part of the intermediate zone, primarily within T1 to L2-3 cord segments
149
What are the features of lumbar/sacral cord segments?
Volume of grey matter is high
| Volume of white matter is low
150
What are the features of the thoracic cord levels?
Volume of grey matter is low
| Volume of white matter is intermediate
151
What are the features of the cervical cord segments?
Volume of grey matter is high
| Volume of white matter is very high
152
The small neurons that make local synaptic connections and communicate over short distances?
Interneurons
153
What are the longitudinal columns of neurons along the spinal cord?
Laminae of Rexed
154
Thin layer of grey matter located at tip of dorsal horn that receives dorsal root fibers and projects some axons to contralateral spinothalamic tract?
Lamina I
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What is another name for lamina II?
substantia gelatinosa
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Layer of grey matter in the dorsal horn that receives dorsal root fibers and descending fibers and contains interneurons for modification of nociception pathways?
Lamina II
157
The layer of grey matter found in the dorsal horn that contains the majority of interneurons?
Lamina III
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Layer of grey matter in the dorsal horns that receives input from dorsal root fibers and contains tract cells (neurons) that contribute fibers to the contralateral spinothalamic tract?
Lamina IV
159
Layers of grey matter at the base of the dorsal horn that receives dorsal root fibers, input from descending fibers and includes tract cells that contribute to the contralateral spinothalamic tract?
Laminae V and VI
160
Layer of grey matter in the intermediate zone and part of the ventral horn that is composed of 4 nuclear columns?
Lamina VII
161
What are the 4 nuclear cell columns included in lamina VII?
- intermediolateral nucleus
- nucleus dorsalis
- sacral autonomic nucleus
- intermediomedial nucleus
162
The nuclear cell column of lamina VII that is located in the lateral horn of cord segments T1-L2/3 and contains pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons?
Intermediolateral nucleus (IML)
163
The nuclear cell column of lamina VII that is found at cord segments C8-L3 and whose axons form the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
Nucleus dorsalis aka Clarke’s nucleus
164
The nuclear cell column of lamina VII that is present at cord segments S2-S4 and contains preganglionic parasympathic neurons?
Sacral autonomic nucleus
165
Layer of grey matter located medially in the ventral horn that receives input from descending fibers and projects axons to laminae VII and IX?
Lamina VIII
166
Layer of grey matter with multiple neuron columns embedded in laminae VII or VIII in the ventral horn, some of which function as interneurons but most are motor neurons?
Lamina IX
167
Axons of the neurons of lamina IX exit the cord via what? What do they innervates?
Exit via the ventral roots of spinal nerves and innervate skeletal muscle cells
168
In general, lamina IX cell columns positioned more
| medially innervate what?
Muscles of the trunk
169
In general, lamina IX cell columns positioned more laterally innervate what?
Extremity muscles
170
What special motor nuclei of lamina IX are in cord segments C3,4,5 and function to innervate the diaphragm?
Phrenic nucleus
171
What special motor nuclei of lamina IX is found in cord segment C1-5, have axons that form spinal root of CN XI and function to provide motor innervation to SCM and trapezius?
(spinal) accessory nucleus
172
The area of gray commissure in the spinal cord that is composed mostly interneurons?
Lamina X
