Unit 1: S-S systems pgs 17-45 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
Anatomically: Precuneus
Functionally: ?
A
S-S Association Cortex
2
Q
Anatomically: Superior Parietal Lobule
Functionally: ?
A
S-S Association Cortex
3
Q
Define sterognosis:
A
3-D knowledge
recognition/identification of an object held in the hand with eyes closed
4
Q
What is Graphestheia
A
Traced figure ID
5
Q
Anatomically: post-central gyrus
Functionally: ?
A
1˚ S-S Cortex
Specifically: Face, Upper extremity, Trunk
6
Q
What is the 1˚ S-S Cortex comprised of?
A
Face
Upper extremity
Trunk
Lower extremity and perineum/pelvis
7
Q
Anatomically: posterior paracentral lobule
Functionally: ?
A
1˚ S-S Cortex
Specifically: Lower extremity and perineum/pelvis
8
Q
Two main pathways for somatosensory systems:
A
Spinothalamic tract = anterolateral system
Medial lemniscus system = dorsal/posterior column system
9
Q
What tract monitors nociceptors, temperature, light/non-discriminative touch
A
Spinothalamic tract = anterolateral system
10
Q
What is Agnosia
A
Without knowledge
‘A’ without
‘Gnosia’ knowledge
11
Q
What is tactile agnosia
A
Inability to appreciate tactile info — cannot do 2-point discrimination, texture
12
Q
What is agraphesthesia
A
Inability to recognize traced pattern on skin
13
Q
What is Astereognosis
A
Inability to recognize an object held in the hand — size, shape, weight, etc
14
Q
What system monitors: fine/discriminative touch, proprioception info and vibration
A
Medial lemniscus system = dorsal/posterior column system
15
Q
What receptors are: unencapsulated free nerve endings, group Adelta (type III) fibers and group C (type IV) fibers, and monitors noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal or chemical)?
A
Nociceptors
16
Q
What receptors are ambiguous, include free nerve endings, group Adelta (type III), group C (type IV) fibers, monitor cool and warm temps (non-noxious range)
A
Temperature receptors
17
Q
What receptors include unencapsulated and encapsulated nerve endings, group Adelta (type III), group Abeta (type II) fibers, and monitor tactile info?
A
Crude touch receptors
18
Q
What is the kind of pain that is immediate, sharp, well-localized? Aka discriminate pain perception
A
Fast pain (nociceptors)
19
Q
What is pain that is slower onset, dull, diffuse? Aka non-discriminate pain perception
A
Slow pain (nociceptors)
20
Q
What is an important interneuron that is able to modify nociception pathways?
A
Lamina II - substantia gelatinosa
21
Q
terminals of axons that lie next to cells or free in the extracellular space
A
unencapsulated endings
22
Q
Which receptors have unencapsulated endings?
A
- free nerve endings
- Merkel discs/endings
- peritrichial nerve endings
23
Q
terminals of axons enclosed by a capsule of non-neuronal cells
A
encapsulated endings
24
Q
Which receptors have encapsulated endings?
A
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Meissners corpuscles
- Ruffini corpuscles/
endings - End bulbs (of Krause, Golgi-Mazzoni, etc.)
- neuromuscular spindles
- neurotendinous spindles
25
axon terminals that are located between cells in many tissues
free nerve endings
26
Axon terminals associated with special cells that are located in deep layers of the epidermis and primarily found in glabrous skin
Merkel discs/endings
27
axon terminals that are distributed along the root of a hair follicle
peritrichial nerve endings
28
single axon terminal with layers of
| non-neuronal cells
Pacinian corpuscles
29
highly branched axon inside a capsule that is long and slender
Meissners corpuscles
30
single axon inside delicate
| capsule
Ruffini corpuscles/ endings
31
```
Axon of variable sizes
and shapes
• often round/ circular
• contain single highly-branched axon
• often found at muco-cutaneous junctions
```
End bulbs (of Krause, Golgi-Mazzoni, etc.)
32
axons located in skeletal muscle
neuromuscular spindles
33
Axons located in tendons, ligaments
neurotendinous spindles
34
Receptors in cutaneous areas
- free nerve endings
- peritrichial endings
- Merkel discs/endings
- Ruffini endings
- Meissners corpuscles
- pacinian corpuscles
35
Where will you find free nerve endings in the cutaneous areas?
found in (deep) epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue and monitor thermal, noxious and tactile stimuli
36
Where will you find peritrichial endings in the cutaneous areas?
monitor movement of hair (tactile)
37
Where will you find Merkel discs/endings in the cutaneous areas?
found in deep layers of epidermis (tactile)
38
Where will you find Ruffini endings in the cutaneous areas?
found in dermis, subcutaneous tissue (tactile - especially stretch)
39
Where will you find Meissners corpuscles in the cutaneous areas?
found in dermal papillae of mainly glabrous (= hairless) skin; especially fingertips • tactile receptor
40
Where will you find pacinian corpuscles in the cutaneous areas?
found in dermis, subcutaneous tissue (act as mechanoreceptors, esp. for vibration)
41
Receptors in joints have what kind of nerve endings?
- free nerve endings
- small pacinian corpuscles
- Ruffini-like endings
- neurotendinous spindles (Golgi tendon organs)
42
What kind of receptor nerve endings are found in skeletal muscles?
- free nerve endings
| - neuromuscular spindles
43
Where in joints would you find free nerve endings?
in synovial membrane, joint capsule and periarticular CT
44
Where in joints would you find small pacinian corpuscles?
in periarticular CT around the joint capsule
45
WHere in joints would you find Ruffini-like endings?
in joint capsular tissue
46
Where in joints would you find neurotendinous spindles (Golgi tendon organs)?
in articular ligaments
47
Where in skeletal muscle would you find free nerve endings?
mainly associated with connective tissue
| around muscle tissue
48
Where in skeletal muscles would you find meuromuscular spindles?
distributed mostly in muscle near its junction with tendon and most numerous in muscles that perform highly skilled maneuvers (e.g., hand)
49
What kind of receptors would you find in tendons?
- free nerve endings
| - Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
50
What kind of receptors would you find in the viscera?
- free nerve endings
| - pacinian corpuscles
51
The pathway for sensory modalities of discriminative touch, vibration (not exclusive), and proprioception (although the pathway for proprioception is a bit different and will be described separately)
Medial Lemniscus System aka Dorsal/Posterior Column System
52
Qualities of discriminative touch include
- recognize precise location of a tactile stimulus
- 2-point discrimination - permits recognition of different textures
- graphesthesia- identify a familiar pattern when traced on skin
53
Qualities of proprioception include:
- information regarding the precise position of a body part (without visual aid), and the range and direction of movement (kinesthesia)
- also permits one to appreciate the shape, size and weight of objects (held in the hand)
54
Qualities of vibration include:
sensation of an oscillating mechanical stimulus elicited by a tuning fork (128 Hz) set in motion and placed on the body
55
Primary neurons for the medial lemniscus system are located where?
Dorsal root ganglia
56
The central processes of primary neurons for the medial lemniscus system enter the ipsilateral ________ and branches into________ and _______ collaterals
dorsal funiculus
ascending
descending
57
Short ascending and descending collaterals from the central processes of primary neurons for the Medial Lemniscus System synapse _________ and modify __________.
- spinal cord gray matter
| - cord mediated activity - i.e., reflexes, sensory and motor activity
58
Long ascending collaterals from the central processes of primary neurons for fine touch and vibration for the body in the Medial Lemniscus System that enter cord below T6, project through the ipsilateral _______ to synapse in the nucleus gracilis on the ________ surface of the medulla
- fasciculus gracilis
| - dorsal/ posterior
59
In the Medial Lemniscus System (fine touch and vibration for body), fibers that enter the cord above T6 project through the ipsilateral _________ to synapse in the__________ on the dorsal/ posterior surface of the__________.
fasciculus cuneatus
nucleus cuneatus
medulla
60
Nucleus gracilis and cuneatus are located where?
Medulla
61
Nucleus gracilis and cuneatus receive information that originated from where?
The ipsilateral lower body and upper body respectively
62
Fibers for fine touch and vibration of the medial lemniscus tract do what after synapsing on secondary neuron cell bodies in nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis?
They decussate and form a fiber tract called the medial lemniscus that ascends on the contralateral side of the brain stem
63
The secondary fibers of medial lemniscus tract ascend through the medulla, pons and midbrain to synapse on tertiary neurons (Except for lower body proprioception which have quaternary neurons) in the ________ of the thalamus
ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus
64
Long ascending collaterals from the central processes of primary neurons for upper body proprioception in the Medial Lemniscus System that enter cord above T6, ascend through the ipsilateral _______ to synapse in the nucelus _______ on the ________ surface of the medulla
Fasciculus cuneatus
Cuneatus
Posterior
65
Long ascending collaterals from the central processes of primary neurons for lower body proprioception in the Medial Lemniscus System that enter cord below T6, ascend through the ipsilateral _______ to synapse in the nucelus _______.
- Fasciculus gracilis
| - Dorsalis (AKA Clarke’s nucleus)
66
Clarke’s nucleus is located where in the spinal cord grey matter? At what cord segment levels?
- in Lamina VII of the spinal cord gray matter
| - in cord segments C8-L3
67
Secondary neurons of Clarke’s nucleus project axons that ascend as the ipsilateral _______ into the medulla
dorsal spino-cerebellar tract
68
Once in the medulla, axon collaterals of secondary neurons that came from Clarke’s nucleus will do one of two things. What are they?
- go to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
| - synapse on (tertiary) neurons of the nucleus Z
69
The secondary axons that go to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle are part of the__________ proprioception pathway.
unconscious
70
The secondary axons that synapse on (tertiary) neurons of the nucleus Z are part of the__________ proprioception pathway.
Conscious
71
Nuclei in the medulla that receive proprioceptive input are _______ for the upper body and ______ for the lower body. These neurons project axons ventrally & across midline into the
__________.
- nucleus cuneatus for the upper body and nucleus Z for the lower body
- contralateral medial lemniscus
72
Fibers of the medial lemniscus are somatotopically arranged and ascend through the medulla, pons and midbrain to synapse on neurons of the _________ of the thalamus
ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus
73
Neurons of the VPL nucleus of the thalamus send axons through the ________. The fibers synapse in the ______ and the _______ of the parietal lobe.
- posterior limb of the internal capsule
| - post-central gyrus and posterior paracentral lobule
74
Cutaneous innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the head and part of the external ear is provided by branches of ________.
C2 (C3) spinal nerves
75
Most cutaneous innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the head is supplied by branches of ________.
Trigeminal (CN V)
NOTE: some parts supplied by VII, IX, X
76
What are the three trigeminal sensory nuclei that extend through the brainstem and comprise the central pathway of the trigeminal system?
- mesenphalic nucleus
- pontine nucleus (AKA chief/principle sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve)
- spinal trigeminal nucleus (AKA spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve)
77
Cell bodies for primary neurons that provide fine touch and vibration innervation on the face are located in the _______
trigeminal sensory ganglion (aka Gasserian ganglion)
78
Peripheral processes of primary neurons for fine touch and vibration in the trigeminal system are distributed with the ophthalmic, maxillary or mandibular divisions of the V nerve to supply peripheral receptors while central processes enter the pons with the V nerve and synapse in the __________.
pontine trigeminal nucleus
79
Peripheral processes of primary neurons for proprioception in the trigeminal system are distributed in peripheral tissues (muscles of mastication, TMJ) then enter brainstem with V nerve, while central processes synapse on neurons in the __________.
pontine trigeminal nucleus
| or other nearby nuclear areas - parts of reticular formation
80
Secondary neuron cell bodies in pontine trigeminal nucleus (and reticular formation areas) send axons to the_________ side of brainstem to join the ___________.
- contralateral
| - trigeminothalamic tract (T-T tract)
81
fibers of the trigeminothalamic (T-T) tract ascend through the brainstem and synapse on tertiary neurons in the ________ of the thalamus
ventral posterior medial
| nucleus (VPM)
82
tertiary neurons in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus send axons through the _________.
posterior limb of the internal capsule
83
Fibers of the trigeminal system, which are carrying somatosensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the face, synapse in what area of the primary somatosensory cortex?
inferior lateral part of the post-central gyrus (near the lateral sulcus)
84
What is the function of the Somatosensory Cortex of Parietal Lobe? What area/landmarks on the brain does it include?
- it if the first cortical area that receives, processes, integrates, and interprets ALL somatosensory data from the thalamus for subjective assessment
- post-central gyrus and posterior part of the paracentral lobule
85
specific body parts are mapped or represented on different areas of the post-central gyrus &
posterior paracentral lobule. What is this organization called?
Somatotopic
86
Somatosensation for one side of the body is represented on which half of the cerebrum?
Contralateral
87
The somatotopic organization of the ‘face’ area on the primary somatosensory cortex is ________.
inferior lateral part of the post-central gyrus near the lateral sulcus
88
The somatotopic organization of the upper extremity area on the primary somatosensory cortex is ________.
interomedial-lateral location along the post central gyrus
89
The somatotopic organization of the trunk area on the primary somatosensory cortex is ________.
Superior lateral part of the post central gyrus
90
The somatotopic organization of the proximal lower extremity area on the primary somatosensory cortex is ________.
Superior most part of the post central gyrus
91
The somatotopic organization of the distal lower extremity and perineum area on the primary somatosensory cortex is ________.
Posterior part of the paracentral gyrus
92
What does sensory homunculus mean?
Sensory “miniature human”
93
What is the relationship between cortical surface area for a body part and the sensitivity of the body part?
The relationship is reciprocal
Increased cortical surface area for the body part = increased sensitivity for the body part
94
General functions of primary somatosensory cortex include:
- general awareness of somatosensory data
- localization of a stimulus
- appreciation of qualities of a stimulus
95
Where in the brain is the secondary somatosensory cortex located?
inferior to the postcentral gyrus, in the superior wall of the lateral sulcus (extending onto insula)
96
What is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex?
less discriminative aspects of general somatosensation
97
Where in the brain is the somatosensory association cortex located?
includes parts of the parietal lobe:
| - much of the superior parietal lobule (on lateral surface) - precuneus (on the medial surface)
98
The primary somatosensory cortex corresponds to which Brodmann map areas?
3,2,1
99
The somatosensory association cortex corresponds to which Brodmann map areas?
5,7
100
The somatosensory association cortex receives input from where?
- primary somatosensory cortex
- areas of the thalamus
- other cortical areas including visual cortex
101
The somatosensory association cortex functions to integrate somatosensory data - complex assessment of data that permits:
▪ recognition of patterns of data
▪ appreciation of the significance of all s-s data
▪ associating current experience with previous experience
102
What is the ability to identify an object without visual data, using size, shape, weight, and texture details (i.e. proprioceptive and tactile data)?
Stereognosis
103
What is the ability to identify a familiar pattern that is traced on an area of skin (with eyes closed)?
Graphesthesia
104
What are some clinical tests for the integrity of the medial lemniscus system?
All done with patient’s eyes closed:
a. limb/joint position recognition: a body
part is passively moved
b. two-point discrimination: the ability to resolve two points vs. one point of tactile stimulation
c. graphesthesia: familiar figure is traced on skin
d. stereognosis: touch and handle object to use size, shape, weight, fine touch, and texture info to ID object
e. vibration: 128 htz tuning fork placed on DIP of finger
105
What is a disruption of a pathway anywhere along its length by trauma, tumors, vascular problems, or other causes?
Lesion
106
What is agnosia? What are some examples of it?
“negative knowledge”; lack of appreciation of the significance of sensory information
Examples:
- tactile agnosia = lack of appreciation of the significance of tactile info
- agraphesthesia = inability to recognize pattern of a moving stimulus on the skin
- astereognosis = inability to recognize an object held in the hand without looking at it
107
What is the pathway for sensory modalities of nociception, temperature, crude touch (and pressure)?
Spinothalamic System (AKA Anterolateral System)
108
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
permits for recognition of the source, severity and quality of noxious and thermal stimuli and provides for appropriate emotional/autonomic responses to such stimuli
109
How do sensations of nociception and temperature serve to protect an individual?
they warn us of stimuli that can potentially cause injury
110
What at the receptors that monitor noxious mechanical or thermal stimuli, or noxious chemicals released from damaged cells? Are their nerve endings encapsulated or unencapsulated?
- noxious stimuli receptors AKA nociceptors
| - unencapsulated (‘free’)
111
Are the nerve endings for thermal receptors encapsulated or unencapsulated?
unencapsulated (‘free’)
112
Are the nerve endings for crude touch receptors encapsulated or unencapsulated?
Both: unencapsulated nerve endings (peritrichial, Merkel, free nerve endings) and some encapsulated endings
113
_________ and _________ monitor pressure on the skin (tactile sensation) and are supplied by Group _____ fibers
- Ruffini endings and pacinian corpuscles
| - A beta
114
A noxious stimulus can activate a series of events in the nervous system that results in:
- reflex (motor) response, known as a “flexor- reflex”
| - perception of noxious stimuli
115
Perception of noxious stimuli occurs in two stages:
- ‘fast pain’ (nociception) = discriminate pain perception:
| - ‘slow pain’ (nociception) = non-discriminate pain perception
116
What kind of fibers are the collateral, peripheral and central process of the primary neurons for the pathway for Fine Touch & Vibration for the body (except face) in the medial lemniscus system?
A beta fibers
117
What kind of fibers are the collateral, peripheral and central process of the primary neurons for the pathway for proprioception for the body (except face) in the medial lemniscus system?
A alpha, A beta fibers
118
What kind of fibers are the processes of the primary neurons that provide fine touch and vibration innervation on the face?
A beta
119
What kind of fibers are the processes of the primary neurons that provide proprioception innervation on the face?
A alpha and A beta
120
Peripheral nerve fibers associated with nociceptors and temperature receptors are made of what kind of fibers?
A delta and C
120
What is the pathway for Nociception, Temperature and Crude Touch for the Body (not face)?
Spinothalamic Tract (Anterolateral System)
120
Where are the primary neuron cell bodies for the spinothalamic tract located?
DRG above T6 for upper body and DRG below T6 for lower body
121
What kind of fibers are associated with nociception and temperature in the spinothalamic system?
A delta and C
121
What kind of fibers are associated with crude touch in the spinothalamic system?
A beta and A delta
121
What kind of fibers are associated with nociception, crude touch and temperature in the trigeminal system?
A delta and C
121
What kind of fibers are associated with fine touch and vibration in the trigeminal system?
A beta
122
What kind of fibers are associated with proprioception in the trigeminal system?
A alpha and A beta
123
What kind of fibers are associated with fine touch and vibration in the medial lemniscus system?
A beta
124
What kind of fibers are associated with proprioception in the medial lemniscus system?
A alpha and A beta
125
Where are the primary neurons of the spinothalamic system located?
DRG below T6 for lower body and DRG above T6 for upper body
126
Central processes of the primary neurons in the spinal thalamic system enter the spinal cord through the _______ and then enter the ipsilateral ________ and branch into ascending and descending collaterals.
- Dorsal root zone
| - dorsolateral tract (AKA Lissauer’s tract)
127
When does sensory information for nociception and temperature in the spinothalamic system influence motor neurons for reflex response?
After they have synapsed with secondary neurons in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter.
128
Secondary neurons of the spinothalamic tract are located primarily in which lamina of the dorsal horn gray matter?
ipsilateral laminae IV, V and VI
| Some in lamina I
129
When and how do the axons of second order neurons in the spinothalamic system deccusate?
They deccusate via the anterior white commisure and then ascend in the contralateral anterolateral/ spinothalamic tract
130
As the fibers of the spinothalamic system ascend the cord, they are joined by additional crossing fibers along what edge of the tract? this results in a pathway that has what?
- along the medial edge of the tract
| - somatotopic organization
131
Fibers of the spinothalamic tract ascend through the brainstem and synapse on tertiary neuron cell bodies in the ________ of the thalamus.
ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus
132
Axons of third order neurons in the spinothalamic system project through the _______ to the ________ (if from the lower body) and to the _______ (if from the upper body)
- posterior limb of the internal capsule
- posterior part of the paracentral lobule
- post-central gyrus
133
The lateral spinothalamic tract appears to be responsible for which stage of pain perception?
the ‘fast’ stage of pain perception
134
Not all spinothalamic tract fibers synapse in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus, therefore the anterolateral system includes more than the lateral spinothalamic tract. What are the alternate pathways collectively know as?
medial (projecting) spinothalamic tract (AKA paleospinothalamic tract).
135
The medial spinothalamic tract includes _______ fibers that synapse in the brain stem and somatosensory fibers that synapse in other nuclei of the thalamus (not the VPL), including:
- spinoreticular
- the intralaminar nuclei
- posterior nuclei
- mediodorsal nuclei
136
The diffuse network of nuclei in the brainstem that have direct and indirect connections with virtually all levels of the central nervous system including many areas of the cerebral cortex and influences many activities (i.e., sleep cycles, nociception/sensory, perception, movement, visceral activity, consciousness, etc.)?
reticular formation
137
The alternative projections of the medial spinothalamic tract ultimately provide for:
sensations of nociception to influence areas of the cerebral cortex that influence emotions and behavior (limbic areas), sensory perception and levels of consciousness.
138
What stage of pain perception does the medial spinothalamic tract appears to provide?
the ‘slow’ stage of pain perception
139
What accounts for why ‘non-discriminate’ pain sensation is still perceived following destruction of the primary somatosensory cortex?
medial spinothalamic tract
140
Cell bodies for primary neurons that provide crude touch, nociception and temperature innervation on the face are located in the _______
Trigeminal (aka Gasserian) ganglion
141
Central processes of primary neurons for crude touch, temperate and nociception in the trigeminal system, enter which part of the brainstem with cranial nerve 5? They descend in the brainstem via what tract?
- pons
| - spinal trigeminal tract
142
Where do primary neuron fibers for crude touch of the face synapse in the trigeminal system?
On secondary neuron cell bodies in pars rostralis of
| the spinal trigeminal nucleus
143
Where do primary neuron fibers for nociception and temperature of the face synapse in the trigeminal system?
Secondary neuron cell bodies in pars caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus
144
The cell bodies of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (pars rostralis and caudalis) project axons to the contralateral side of which part of the
brainstem? What tract do they ascend to the thalamus in?
- medulla
- (ventral) trigeminal thalamic tract
note: some fibers remain uncrossed and ascend to the thalamus in the ipsilateral trigeminothalamic tract
145
The fibers of the trigeminothalamic tract ascend the brainstem and synapse on tertiary neurons in the _____ of the thalamus.
ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus
146
The tertiary neurons in the VPM nucleus project axons through what structure?
the posterior limb of the internal capsule
147
What is the functional significance of projections to the primary somatosensory cortex from the trigeminal system?
permits conscious perception and awareness of discriminative nociception, temperature, crude touch, fine touch, vibration and proprioception
148
Neurons in alternative pathways of nociception from the face activate pathways that provide what stage of pain perception?
“slow’ stage of the pain perception
149
Alternative pathways of nociception from the face
| Include projections to:
- brainstem reticular formation
- posterior nuclei of the thalamus
- intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
- mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus
- wide areas of the cerebral cortex
150
What are some examples of clinical tests used to check the integrity of the Anterolateral System?
- pin-prick test for nociception
- test tubes of warm or cool water for temperature
- wisp of cotton for crude touch
151
What is parasthesia?
abnormal sensation
152
What is anesthesia?
loss of all somatosensation
153
What is analgesia?
absence of pain perception in response to a typically noxious stimulus
154
What affect on the spinothalamic system can mechanical compression (such as from IVD herniation or inflammation) of peripheral nerve fibers have?
stimulate nociceptive and temperature fibers causing paresthesia
155
A degenerative condition characterized by cavitation of the central part of the spinal cord?
syringomyelia
156
Where does syringomyelia most often occur and how far can the lesion extend?
cervical enlargement of cord: lesion can extend from CX to TX cord segments
157
What are the early symptoms of Syringomyelia?
loss of nociceptive and temperature sensations (analgesia for bilateral upper extremity)
158
What are the late symptoms of Syringomyelia as the lesion progresses into the ventral horn?
motor loss
159
A loss of blood supply to the lateral medulla causing an infarct that disturbs many structures of the brainstem including the spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal tract is called what?
lateral medullary syndrome (aka Wallenberg’s syndrome)
160
What would the somatosensory impairments of lateral medullary syndrome (aka Wallenberg’s syndrome) be?
▪ loss of nociception and temperature sensation of the contralateral body
▪ loss of nociception and temperature sensation of ipsilateral face
163
Peripheral nerve fibers associated with receptors for crude touch are made of what kind of fibers?
A beta and A delta
