Unit 1 - Reviewing The Social Sciences

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

the study of thoughts, emotions, and behavior patterns of individuals
Affect → emotions
Behavior → action
Cognitive → thoughts

Question 2

Anthropology

Answer 2

examines the development of human species and cultures
↳ physical: evolutionary
history; impact on humans
today
↳ cultural: languages, arts,
traditions, technologies,
customs

Question 3

Sociology

Answer 3

the study of development and structure of large groups, whole societies; seeks to find and explain patterns of behavior among
↳ groups of people: gender,
age, wealth, education, race
↳ social institution:
government, media,
healthcare, family

Question 4

Natural Sciences

Answer 4

studies the physical world

Question 5

Social Sciences

Answer 5

seeks to reveal and explain pattern in human behavior: society and relationships

Question 6

Humanities

Answer 6

focuses on the products of human culture: religions, literature, history, art and philosophy

Question 7

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 7

use of only stories to make a broad conclusion about society
ex. one student failed a test so all of KCI is stupid

Question 8

False Consensus

Answer 8

tendency to make social conclusions based on those around us
↳ overestimate the number of people like us
↳ society is like my group

Question 9

Confirmation Bias

Answer 9

↳ the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
↳ makes us dismiss opinions that conflict with our pre-existing ideas

Question 10

Hindsight Bias

Answer 10

↳ tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, one would have predicted it

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

↳ inability to see a problem from a different perspective
- tunnel vision

Question 12

Illusory Correlations

Answer 12

↳ often perceive a connection between two variables that may not exist
↳ can also incorrectly assume a correlation is casual

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

↳ the way an issue is posed… can significantly affect judgments
ex. 95% effective vs 5% ineffective

Question 14

Elements of Critical Thinking

Answer 14

↳ examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
↳ challenges on beliefs with proof

Question 15

Transience

Answer 15

tendency for memories to fade over time when not recalled regularly

Question 16

False memories

Answer 16

never happened; implanted through suggestion
ex. Julia Shaw Study

Question 17

Flashbulb

Answer 17

real memories; highly emotional; high detail; main event accurate but details fade
ex. 9/11 studies

Question 18

Encoding

Answer 18

the process of storing memory (memorizing)
Automatic: memories encodes automatically; recent memories
Effortful: memories encoded by intent; puts effort in memorizing

Question 19

Context Effect

Answer 19

we remember things better if its reevaluated in the original place we did it

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

grouping things into groups that are familiar to us

Question 21

Serial Position Effect

Answer 21

we tend to recall 1/3 of what we are learning

Question 22

Memory and Sleep

Answer 22

We cant learn new material while we sleep but we can reinforce what we already learned

Question 23

Mnemonics

Answer 23

add information in order to remember
ex. knowledge songs, acronyms

Question 24

Arousal

Answer 24

the readiness/alertness to encode information aids in remembering information

Question 25

Rehearsal

Answer 25

timing and spacing; you remember more the more time you spend trying to remember

Question 26

Social Change

Answer 26

"changes in the way society is organized and in the beliefs and practices of those in it" - change is unpredictable - change is constant - current pace is unprecedented

Question 27

Social Progress

Answer 27

a change for the good

Question 28

Social Issue

Answer 28

a controversial subject on which there is no general agreement

Question 29

Social Problem

Answer 29

A social phenomenon widely perceived as detrimental to society

Question 30

Invention vs Discovery

Answer 30

invention: things that changes society for the better ex. phones Discovery:

Question 31

Diffusion

Answer 31

when culture adopt behaviors, practices, technologies of another culture ex. things, objects

Question 32

Acculturation

Answer 32

culture exchange symbols, beliefs, customs through prolonged exposure; gradual process ex. cultural appropriation

Question 33

Social Stratification

Answer 33

social ranking of people in status level according to some criteria of inferior and superiority

Question 34

Social Class

Answer 34

social ranking based on purely economic factors

Question 35

Socioeconomics Status

Answer 35

ranking is a combination of factors such as occupation, lifestyle, family lineage, economics

Question 36

Open-Class Society

Answer 36

allows social mobility on the basis of individual achievement

Question 37

Closed-Class Society

Answer 37

does not allow or discourages social mobility

Question 38

Directed Change

Answer 38

adoption of culture is forced on one group by another (assimilation)