Unit 3 - Social Challenges

Question 1

Three Methods of Social Change

Answer 1

1. Behaviour Modification
2. Social Cognitive Theory
3. Social Persuasion Theory

Question 2

Part One: Behaviour Modification

Answer 2

Process where behaviour is changed due to experiences and environmental changes
* Classical - learning by association
* Operant - learning by reward/punishment system

Question 3

Who discovered Classical Conditioning?

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

Classical Conditioning Function

Answer 4

Process of repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a natural response - eventually elicit the desired response from the neutral stimulus

Question 5

Classical Conditioning Equation

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - Uncondidtioned Response (UCR) - Neutral Stimulus (NS) - Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - Conditoned Response (CR)

Question 6

Classical Conditioning Equation (Extra)

Answer 6

• UCS causes UCR
• automatically, naturally, untrained, untaught, universally
• NC becomes CS
• starts neutral, than changes

Question 7

Who discovered Operant Conditioning?

Answer 7

B.F Skinner

Question 8

Operant Conditioning Function

Answer 8

• operates on a reward - punishment basis
• systems of rewards and punishments can change behaviour
• uses positive and negative reinforcement
  “rewarding behaviour is likely to occur” - Edward Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”

Question 9

Operant Conditioning Equation

Answer 9

Spontaneous Behaviour (SB) - Consequence (C) - Stimulus (S) - Response (R)

Question 10

Operant Conditioning with Children

Answer 10

• parents shape children’s action using operant conditioning: didnt finish dinner = no dessert

Question 11

Learning by Observation

Answer 11

• conditioning minimizes how much is learned through observation and modeling
  ex. Albert Bandura’s “Bobo Doll Study”

Question 12

Part Three: Social Persuation Theory

Answer 12

all types of behaviour modification shape our behaviour

Question 13

Robert Cialdini

Answer 13

• outlines the 6 levels of influence used by marketers to elicit automatic responses
• argues humans rely on mental shortcuts

Question 14

Level 1: Reciprocation

Answer 14

rooted in the social belief that we should repay in kind what others do for us
ex. free samples of products

Question 15

Level 2: Commitment and Consistency

Answer 15

created by two general characteristics:
1. inner desire to meet out commitments
2. dislike appearing inconsistent
both drive people to become attached to something once they’ve committed to it

Question 16

Level 3: Liking

Answer 16

• more likely to buy from those we like - like those who are similar to us

Question 17

Level 4: Social Proof

Answer 17

human behaviour

Question 18

Liking vs Social Proof

Answer 18

Liking: small scale, direct connection, persuaded by someone (similar) that we know
Social Proof: large scale; broad social observations; general influence

Question 19

Level 5: Authority

Answer 19

• most people obey those in authority - more likely to ober those we trust

Question 20

Level 6: Scarcity

Answer 20

Human thought:
- opportunities seem more valuable when their availability is limited”

Question 21

Define Stereotype

Answer 21

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people

Question 22

Define Prejudice

Answer 22

an attitude towards a person because of their group membership

Question 23

Define Discrimination

Answer 23

behaviour or action towards a group or its members

Question 24

Overt vs Subtle

Answer 24

Overt: out in the open
Subtle: less obvious

Question 25

1970s Experiment With Whites

Answer 25

- group of white people watch a black man being pushed around by white men - seen as "playing aroud"; "horsing aroud" - group of white people watch a white man being pushed around by black men - seen as "violent"; "aggression"

Question 26

The 2 Social Discrimination Theories

Answer 26

1. Socialization 2.

Question 27

Socialization

Answer 27

stereotypes are taught at impressionable age especially by parents

Question 28

Jane Elliott

Answer 28

American diversity educator and school teacher in Iowa

Question 29

Blue eyes/Brown eyes Experiment

Answer 29

- the kids are told that Blue eyed kids are better (they get more recess, extra serving of lunch etc) - Blue eyes kids begin to other the Brown eyed kids - Next day the role is switched.

Question 30

Impact on those facing discrimination

Answer 30

1. lack of control; helplessness; increased anxiety 2. self-esteem; not affected 3. mental health; higher chance of depression 4. stereotype threat: fear one will conform to negative stereotypes

Question 31

Social Impacts

Answer 31

long-term social advantages: income, opportunities, choices

Question 32

Muzafer Sherif Study

Answer 32

Name: Robber's Cave Experiment - experimented on 22 boys (11-12 years old), separate them in two groups (Eagles vs Rattlers)

Question 33

Phase One of Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 33

In-group formation - creates group identity, team-building

Question 34

Phase Two Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 34

Friction - create conflict between the two groups - competitions added: one group wins at the expense of others - name-calling, cabin raids, food fights

Question 35

Phase Three of Robber's Cave Experiment

Answer 35

Integration - remixing the groups (doesnt work) - mutual cooperation approach (works) - creates crisis to promote team work

Question 36

Aislinn Bohren Experiment

Answer 36

Defines discrimination as "differences in observable outcomes (wages, hiring, evaluation) that cannot be attributed directly to underlying differences in performance."

Question 37

Possibility #1: Taste-Based Discrimination

Answer 37

- rooted in dislike for the group

Question 38

Possibility #2: Belief-Based Discrimination

Answer 38

- expect different performance outcomes between groups - no preference or dislike for the group - action: judge an individual's likely outcome based on the belief about group membership