Unit 1 : SAC 1

Question 1

Joint

Answer 1

The site where 2 or more bones meet

Question 2

Synovial joint

Answer 2

A specialized joint that provides movement for the body

Question 3

Non - synovial joint

Answer 3

A joint that has no movement

Question 4

What are 2 types of non-synovial joints?

Answer 4

Cartilageous ie; the pubic bone

Fibrous fixed fused ie; skull

Question 5

What are the 3 types of synovial joints?

Answer 5

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

Question 6

Uniaxial

Answer 6

Refers to movement in one plane

Question 7

Biaxial

Answer 7

Refers to movement in 2 planes

Question 8

Triaxial

Answer 8

Refers to movement in 3 planes

Question 9

Types of uniaxial joints

Answer 9

Hinge

Pivot

Question 10

Hinge joint

Answer 10

Creates flexion and extension

ie; knee or elbow joint

Question 11

Pivot joint

Answer 11

A joint that only allows rotation

ie; atlas and axis (top of vertabrae)

Question 12

Types of biaxial joints

Answer 12

Condyloid

Gliding

Question 13

Condyloid joint

Answer 13

Allows for flexion and extension, adduction and abduction

ie; wrist joint

Question 14

Gliding joint

Answer 14

Occurs when bones can slide against one another - flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
ie; vertabrae, carpals/tarsals

Question 15

Types of triaxial joints

Answer 15

Ball and socket joint

Question 16

Ball and socket joint

Answer 16

Can move in 3 planes - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation
ie; hip and shoulder joint

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

The angle between articulating bones is decreased and the plane of the body

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

The angle of the joint is increased and the plane of the body

Question 19

Abduction

Answer 19

The movement of the body part away from the midline

Question 20

Adduction

Answer 20

The movement of the body part towards the midline

Question 21

Rotation

Answer 21

When bone turns on its own axis within a joint

Towards the body its internal rotation, away from the body, it’s external rotation

Question 22

Bicep facts

Answer 22

Anterior upper arm
Creates flexion
Moves elbow joint
Is at a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves humerus, radius and ulna

Question 23

Tricep facts

Answer 23

Posterior upper arm
Creates extension
Moves elbow joint
Is a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves humerus, radius and ulna

Question 24

Pectoral facts

Answer 24

Anterior thoracic 
Creates flexion
Moves shoulder joint
Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint
Involves the scapula, clavicle and humerus

Question 25

Teres major facts

Answer 25

``` Posterior thoracic Creates extension Moves shoulder joint Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint Involves the scapula, humerus and clavicle ```

Question 26

Deltoid facts

Answer 26

``` Anterior thoracic Creates abduction Moves the shoulder joint Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint Involves clavicle, humerus and scapula ```

Question 27

Abdominals facts

Answer 27

``` Anterior lumbar Creates flexion Moves the spine Is a biaxial, gliding joint Involves the vertebrae ```

Question 28

Erector spinnae facts

Answer 28

``` Posterior lumbar Creates extension Moves the spine Is a biaxial, gliding joint Involves the vertebrae ```

Question 29

Gluteal facts

Answer 29

``` Posterior Creates extension Moves the hip joint Is a triaxial ball and socket joint Involves the femur, tibia and fibula ```

Question 30

Iliopsoas facts

Answer 30

``` Anterior Creates flexion Moves the hip joint Is a triaxial ball and socket Involves the femur, tibia and fibula ```

Question 31

Hamstring facts

Answer 31

``` Posterior upper leg Creates flexion Moves the knee joint Is a uniaxial hinge joint Involves the fibula and tibia ```

Question 32

Quadricep facts

Answer 32

``` Anterior upper leg Creates extension Moves the knee joint Is a uniaxial hinge joint Involves tibia and fibula ```

Question 33

Gastrocnemius

Answer 33

``` Posterior lower leg Moves the ankle Creates plantar dorsi Is a biaxial, condyloid joint involves tibia, fibular and tarsals ```

Question 34

Tibialis anterior

Answer 34

``` Anterior lower leg Moves the ankle Creates plantar flexion Is a biaxial, condyloid joint Involves tibia, fibula and tarsals ```

Question 35

Movement with gravity

Answer 35

When gravity is applied to extension or adduction movement it requires the muscles that flex to continue to flex to slow down the process ie; when a bicep curl is performed with the weight it uses the bicep to raise and lower the arm

Question 36

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 36

Muscles coordinate and the muscle works in pairs to contract and relax

Question 37

Agonist

Answer 37

The muscle that is contracting, it creates the movement

Question 38

Antagonist

Answer 38

The muscle that is relaxing, does not create movement

Question 39

Exercises for tricep

Answer 39

Tricep curl Dip Tricep pushup Bench press

Question 40

Tricep movement (gravity)

Answer 40

``` Up Extension The agonist is tricep Antagonist is bicep Concentric Down Flexion Agonist is tricep Antagonist is bicep Eccentric ```

Question 41

Quadricep movement (gravity)

Answer 41

``` Up Extension Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Concentric Down Flexion Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Eccentric ```

Question 42

Bicep movement (gravity)

Answer 42

``` Up Flexion Agonist is bicep Antagonist is tricep Concentric Down Extension Agonist is quadricep Antagonist is hamstring Eccentric ```

Question 43

Concentric

Answer 43

Muscle shortens with tension

Question 44

Eccentric

Answer 44

Muscle extends with tension

Question 45

Deltoid movement (gravity)

Answer 45

``` Up Abduction Agonist is deltoid Antagonist is lattimus dorsi Concentric Down Adduction Agonist is deltoid Antagonist is lattimus dorsi Eccentric ```

Question 46

Gastrocenemius movement (gravity)

Answer 46

``` Up Plantar dorsi Agonist is gastrocnemius The antagonist is tibialis anterior Concentric Down Plantar flexion Agonist is gastrocnemius The antagonist is tibialis anterior Eccentric ```

Question 47

Abdominals movement (gravity)

Answer 47

``` Up Flexion Agonist is abdominals The antagonist is erector spinnae Concentric Down Extension Agonist is abdominals The antagonist is erector spinnae ```

Question 48

Slow twitch fibres

Answer 48

Red Has significant blood flow - aerobic Recharges slowly means working at a submaximal intensity Slow fatigue - run out of glycogen at 3 hours When it runs out of glycogen it switches to fat which takes twice as many chemical reactions to make energy 50-100 chemical reactions

Question 49

Fast twitch fibres

Answer 49

White Has little blood flow - anaerobic Recharges quickly to work at the maximal intensity Quick fatigue - runs out of creatine phosphate after 10 secs and lactic acid build up 1 - 3 chemical equations

Question 50

Skeletal system

Answer 50

The body's framework of bones

Question 51

Skeletal system function

Answer 51

Body movements - muscles attach to bones which help them move Framework and protection - allows us to remain upright and protects vital organs Mineral storage - stores minerals important for our health Production of red blood cells - for carrying oxygen around our body

Question 52

Types of bones

Answer 52

Long bones - greater length than width ie; femur Short bones - equal length and width ie; tarsals Flat bones - thin shape for protection ie; cranium Irregular bones - they do not have a pattern ie; vertabrae Sesamoid bones - Small bones developed in tendons around some joints

Question 53

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 53

The bones of the limbs and the girdle, not the core of the body - Shoulder girdles - Upper limbs - Pelvic girdle - Lower limbs

Question 54

Axial skeleton

Answer 54

The bones that form the 'core' of the body - Skull - Vertebrae - Sternum - Ribs

Question 55

5 parts of the spine

Answer 55

``` Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx ```

Question 56

Connective tissues

Answer 56

Ligaments - bone to bone, they hold the bone in place | Tendons - muscle to bone, has an origin and insertion point. Origin doesn't move insertion does

Question 57

Fibres in the muscles

Answer 57

They are set for everyone Fusiform Multipennate

Question 58

Fusiform

Answer 58

When fibres run parallel ie; bicep Increased range of movement Decreased force

Question 59

Multipennate

Answer 59

When fibres run in multiple directions Increases the force Decreased range of movement

Question 60

Anatomical terms

Answer 60

``` Superior Inferior Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Right/left Superficial Deep Palmer Plantar ```

Question 61

Superior

Answer 61

Closer to the head than the other part

Question 62

Inferior

Answer 62

Closer to the feet than the other part

Question 63

Anterior/versal

Answer 63

Towards the front of the body

Question 64

Posterior/dorsal

Answer 64

Towards the back of the body

Question 65

Medial

Answer 65

Towards the imaginary midline of the body

Question 66

Lateral

Answer 66

Away from the imaginary midline of the body

Question 67

Proximal

Answer 67

A body part Is closer to its attachment point

Question 68

Distal

Answer 68

A body part further away from the point of attachment than the other

Question 69

Superficial

Answer 69

A body part closer to the surface than the other

Question 70

Deep

Answer 70

A body part that is internal or further from the surface point than the other

Question 71

Palmar

Answer 71

The palm side of the hand

Question 72

Plantar

Answer 72

The sole side of the feet

Question 73

The cervical vertebrae

Answer 73

Seven unfused bones that make up the neck and responsible for supporting the head The atlas and axis is the top two bones that allow the head to move up and down and side to side

Question 74

The thoracic vertebrae

Answer 74

Twelve unfused bones connect the rib cage to the spinal column and form a protective shield for the heart and lungs. Allows the body to breathe in and out and protects internal organs

Question 75

The lumbar vertebrae

Answer 75

Five unfused bones are the largest of the vertebrae and have ahigh weight carrying capacity. They provide an attachment site for big muscles to pull on

Question 76

The sacrum

Answer 76

Five fused sacral vertebrae are connected to form the sacrum it fuses the sacrum together. They distribute the weight of the upper body

Question 77

The coccyx

Answer 77

Four fused bones that forms the tailbone and form the base of the vertebral It provides the site for muscle attachment and allows a multitude of movements to occur

Question 78

Muscular system

Answer 78

The muscular system refers to the series of muscles in the entire body that allows movement of the skeleton, maintains posture and produces heat through cell metabolism

Question 79

Functions of muscular system

Answer 79

Mobility Maintains posture Creates body heat Bodily functions - digestion, circulation, respiration

Question 80

Major muscle pairs

Answer 80

``` Gluteas maximus and illipsoas Quadriceps and hamstrings Gastrcnemius and tibialis anterior Deltoids and pectoralis major Lattimus dorsi and teres major Tricep and bicep Wrist extendors and wrist flexors Abdominals and erector spinnae ```

Question 81

How can we control the strength we exert?

Answer 81

By controlling the amount of motor units are used to contract the muscle fibres

Question 82

All or nothing principle

Answer 82

When muscle fibres contract they contract 100% or maximally or they do not contract at all

Question 83

Motor unit

Answer 83

Motor unit is the nerve plus all the muscle fibres attached, every fibre attached works maximally

Question 84

Electrical threshold

Answer 84

The message that is strong enough to contract all the muscle fibres

Question 85

Leg bones

Answer 85

Femur Fibula - the outside Tibia - inner bone

Question 86

Head bones

Answer 86

Cranium | Mandible - jaw

Question 87

Hand and feet bones

Answer 87

``` Hands - carpals - metacarpals - phalanges Feet - tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges ```

Question 88

Pelvis bones

Answer 88

``` Sacrum ilium Pubis Ischium Coccyx ```

Question 89

Chest/core bones

Answer 89

Sternum | Rib bones

Question 90

Arm and shoulder bones

Answer 90

``` Shoulder - scapula - clavicle Arm - humerus - ulna - radius ```

Question 91

Vertebral column

Answer 91

Provides body with the central structure for maintenance of good posture Comprised of 33 bones

Question 92

Planes of movement

Answer 92

Saggital plane - Divides body into left and right sections Transverse plane - Divides body into a superior and inferior section Frontal plane - Divide into an anterior and posterior section

Question 93

3 major types of joints

Answer 93

Fibrous joints - immovable or fixed Cartilaginous joints - slightly moveable joined by cartilage Synovial joints - allow for full range of movement

Question 94

Tendon

Answer 94

Muscle to bone

Question 95

Ligament

Answer 95

Bone to bone

Question 96

Interphalangeal movement

Answer 96

Flexion | Extension

Question 97

Atlas/axis movement

Answer 97

Rotation

Question 98

Movement between cervical vertabrae

Answer 98

Slightly left and right | Slightly forward and back

Question 99

isometric

Answer 99

A form of exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint.