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PE > Unit 1 : SAC 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 : SAC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Joint

A

The site where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

Synovial joint

A

A specialized joint that provides movement for the body

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3
Q

Non - synovial joint

A

A joint that has no movement

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4
Q

What are 2 types of non-synovial joints?

A

Cartilageous ie; the pubic bone

Fibrous fixed fused ie; skull

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of synovial joints?

A

Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial

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6
Q

Uniaxial

A

Refers to movement in one plane

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7
Q

Biaxial

A

Refers to movement in 2 planes

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8
Q

Triaxial

A

Refers to movement in 3 planes

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9
Q

Types of uniaxial joints

A

Hinge

Pivot

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10
Q

Hinge joint

A

Creates flexion and extension

ie; knee or elbow joint

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11
Q

Pivot joint

A

A joint that only allows rotation

ie; atlas and axis (top of vertabrae)

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12
Q

Types of biaxial joints

A

Condyloid

Gliding

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13
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Allows for flexion and extension, adduction and abduction

ie; wrist joint

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14
Q

Gliding joint

A

Occurs when bones can slide against one another - flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
ie; vertabrae, carpals/tarsals

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15
Q

Types of triaxial joints

A

Ball and socket joint

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16
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Can move in 3 planes - flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation
ie; hip and shoulder joint

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17
Q

Flexion

A

The angle between articulating bones is decreased and the plane of the body

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18
Q

Extension

A

The angle of the joint is increased and the plane of the body

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19
Q

Abduction

A

The movement of the body part away from the midline

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20
Q

Adduction

A

The movement of the body part towards the midline

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21
Q

Rotation

A

When bone turns on its own axis within a joint

Towards the body its internal rotation, away from the body, it’s external rotation

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22
Q

Bicep facts

A 
Anterior upper arm
Creates flexion
Moves elbow joint
Is at a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves humerus, radius and ulna
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23
Q

Tricep facts

A 
Posterior upper arm
Creates extension
Moves elbow joint
Is a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves humerus, radius and ulna
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24
Q

Pectoral facts

A 
Anterior thoracic 
Creates flexion
Moves shoulder joint
Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint
Involves the scapula, clavicle and humerus
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25
Q

Teres major facts

A 
Posterior thoracic
Creates extension
Moves shoulder joint
Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint
Involves the scapula, humerus and clavicle
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26
Q

Deltoid facts

A 
Anterior thoracic
Creates abduction
Moves the shoulder joint
Is a triaxial, ball and socket joint
Involves clavicle, humerus and scapula
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27
Q

Abdominals facts

A 
Anterior lumbar
Creates flexion
Moves the spine
Is a biaxial, gliding joint
Involves the vertebrae
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28
Q

Erector spinnae facts

A 
Posterior lumbar
Creates extension
Moves the spine
Is a biaxial, gliding joint
Involves the vertebrae
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29
Q

Gluteal facts

A 
Posterior 
Creates extension
Moves the hip joint
Is a triaxial ball and socket joint
Involves the femur, tibia and fibula
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30
Q

Iliopsoas facts

A 
Anterior
Creates flexion
Moves the hip joint
Is a triaxial ball and socket
Involves the femur, tibia and fibula
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31
Q

Hamstring facts

A 
Posterior upper leg
Creates flexion
Moves the knee joint
Is a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves the fibula and tibia
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32
Q

Quadricep facts

A 
Anterior upper leg
Creates extension
Moves the knee joint
Is a uniaxial hinge joint
Involves tibia and fibula
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33
Q

Gastrocnemius

A 
Posterior lower leg
Moves the ankle 
Creates plantar dorsi
Is a biaxial, condyloid joint
involves tibia, fibular and tarsals
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34
Q

Tibialis anterior

A 
Anterior lower leg
Moves the ankle
Creates plantar flexion
Is a biaxial, condyloid joint
Involves tibia, fibula and tarsals
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35
Q

Movement with gravity

A

When gravity is applied to extension or adduction movement it requires the muscles that flex to continue to flex to slow down the process
ie; when a bicep curl is performed with the weight it uses the bicep to raise and lower the arm

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36
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

Muscles coordinate and the muscle works in pairs to contract and relax

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37
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle that is contracting, it creates the movement

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38
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that is relaxing, does not create movement

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39
Q

Exercises for tricep

A

Tricep curl
Dip
Tricep pushup
Bench press

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40
Q

Tricep movement (gravity)

A 
Up
Extension
The agonist is tricep
Antagonist is bicep
Concentric
Down 
Flexion
Agonist is tricep
Antagonist is bicep
Eccentric
41
Q

Quadricep movement (gravity)

A 
Up 
Extension
Agonist is quadricep
Antagonist is hamstring
Concentric
Down
Flexion
Agonist is quadricep 
Antagonist is hamstring
Eccentric
42
Q

Bicep movement (gravity)

A 
Up
Flexion
Agonist is bicep
Antagonist is tricep
Concentric
Down
Extension
Agonist is quadricep
Antagonist is hamstring
Eccentric
43
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle shortens with tension

44
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle extends with tension

45
Q

Deltoid movement (gravity)

A 
Up
Abduction
Agonist is deltoid
Antagonist is lattimus dorsi
Concentric
Down 
Adduction
Agonist is deltoid
Antagonist is lattimus dorsi
Eccentric
46
Q

Gastrocenemius movement (gravity)

A 
Up
Plantar dorsi
Agonist is gastrocnemius
The antagonist is tibialis anterior
Concentric
Down
Plantar flexion
Agonist is gastrocnemius
The antagonist is tibialis anterior
Eccentric
47
Q

Abdominals movement (gravity)

A 
Up
Flexion
Agonist is abdominals
The antagonist is erector spinnae
Concentric
Down 
Extension
Agonist is abdominals
The antagonist is erector spinnae
48
Q

Slow twitch fibres

A

Red
Has significant blood flow - aerobic
Recharges slowly means working at a submaximal intensity
Slow fatigue - run out of glycogen at 3 hours
When it runs out of glycogen it switches to fat which takes twice as many chemical reactions to make energy
50-100 chemical reactions

49
Q

Fast twitch fibres

A

White
Has little blood flow - anaerobic
Recharges quickly to work at the maximal intensity
Quick fatigue - runs out of creatine phosphate after 10 secs and lactic acid build up
1 - 3 chemical equations

50
Q

Skeletal system

A

The body’s framework of bones

51
Q

Skeletal system function

A

Body movements - muscles attach to bones which help them move
Framework and protection - allows us to remain upright and protects vital organs
Mineral storage - stores minerals important for our health
Production of red blood cells - for carrying oxygen around our body

52
Q

Types of bones

A

Long bones - greater length than width ie; femur
Short bones - equal length and width ie; tarsals
Flat bones - thin shape for protection ie; cranium
Irregular bones - they do not have a pattern ie; vertabrae
Sesamoid bones - Small bones developed in tendons around some joints

53
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The bones of the limbs and the girdle, not the core of the body

  • Shoulder girdles
  • Upper limbs
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Lower limbs
54
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The bones that form the ‘core’ of the body

  • Skull
  • Vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
55
Q

5 parts of the spine

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic
Lumbar 
Sacrum 
Coccyx
56
Q

Connective tissues

A

Ligaments - bone to bone, they hold the bone in place

Tendons - muscle to bone, has an origin and insertion point. Origin doesn’t move insertion does

57
Q

Fibres in the muscles

A

They are set for everyone
Fusiform
Multipennate

58
Q

Fusiform

A

When fibres run parallel ie; bicep
Increased range of movement
Decreased force

59
Q

Multipennate

A

When fibres run in multiple directions
Increases the force
Decreased range of movement

60
Q

Anatomical terms

A 
Superior
Inferior
Anterior/ventral
Posterior/dorsal
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Right/left
Superficial
Deep
Palmer
Plantar
61
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head than the other part

62
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet than the other part

63
Q

Anterior/versal

A

Towards the front of the body

64
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

Towards the back of the body

65
Q

Medial

A

Towards the imaginary midline of the body

66
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the imaginary midline of the body

67
Q

Proximal

A

A body part Is closer to its attachment point

68
Q

Distal

A

A body part further away from the point of attachment than the other

69
Q

Superficial

A

A body part closer to the surface than the other

70
Q

Deep

A

A body part that is internal or further from the surface point than the other

71
Q

Palmar

A

The palm side of the hand

72
Q

Plantar

A

The sole side of the feet

73
Q

The cervical vertebrae

A

Seven unfused bones that make up the neck and responsible for supporting the head
The atlas and axis is the top two bones that allow the head to move up and down and side to side

74
Q

The thoracic vertebrae

A

Twelve unfused bones connect the rib cage to the spinal column and form a protective shield for the heart and lungs.
Allows the body to breathe in and out and protects internal organs

75
Q

The lumbar vertebrae

A

Five unfused bones are the largest of the vertebrae and have ahigh weight carrying capacity.
They provide an attachment site for big muscles to pull on

76
Q

The sacrum

A

Five fused sacral vertebrae are connected to form the sacrum it fuses the sacrum together.
They distribute the weight of the upper body

77
Q

The coccyx

A

Four fused bones that forms the tailbone and form the base of the vertebral
It provides the site for muscle attachment and allows a multitude of movements to occur

78
Q

Muscular system

A

The muscular system refers to the series of muscles in the entire body that allows movement of the skeleton, maintains posture and produces heat through cell metabolism

79
Q

Functions of muscular system

A

Mobility
Maintains posture
Creates body heat
Bodily functions - digestion, circulation, respiration

80
Q

Major muscle pairs

A 
Gluteas maximus and illipsoas
Quadriceps and hamstrings
Gastrcnemius and tibialis anterior
Deltoids and pectoralis major
Lattimus dorsi and teres major
Tricep and bicep
Wrist extendors and wrist flexors
Abdominals and erector spinnae
81
Q

How can we control the strength we exert?

A

By controlling the amount of motor units are used to contract the muscle fibres

82
Q

All or nothing principle

A

When muscle fibres contract they contract 100% or maximally or they do not contract at all

83
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor unit is the nerve plus all the muscle fibres attached, every fibre attached works maximally

84
Q

Electrical threshold

A

The message that is strong enough to contract all the muscle fibres

85
Q

Leg bones

A

Femur
Fibula - the outside
Tibia - inner bone

86
Q

Head bones

A

Cranium

Mandible - jaw

87
Q

Hand and feet bones

A 
Hands
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
Feet
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
88
Q

Pelvis bones

A 
Sacrum
ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Coccyx
89
Q

Chest/core bones

A

Sternum

Rib bones

90
Q

Arm and shoulder bones

A 
Shoulder
- scapula
- clavicle
Arm
- humerus
- ulna
- radius
91
Q

Vertebral column

A

Provides body with the central structure for maintenance of good posture
Comprised of 33 bones

92
Q

Planes of movement

A

Saggital plane - Divides body into left and right sections
Transverse plane - Divides body into a superior and inferior section
Frontal plane - Divide into an anterior and posterior section

93
Q

3 major types of joints

A

Fibrous joints - immovable or fixed
Cartilaginous joints - slightly moveable joined by cartilage
Synovial joints - allow for full range of movement

94
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone

95
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to bone

96
Q

Interphalangeal movement

A

Flexion

Extension

97
Q

Atlas/axis movement

A

Rotation

98
Q

Movement between cervical vertabrae

A

Slightly left and right

Slightly forward and back

99
Q

isometric

A

A form of exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint.

PE (6 decks)

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