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PE > Unit 1 : SAC 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 : SAC 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

Transports oxygen, water and other nutrients t cells of the body
Transport wastes (CO2) away from the cells
Regulation of body temperature
Fighting disease

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2
Q

The heart

A

A muscular pump designed to circulate blood throughout the cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Left side of the heart

A

On the right side of the page

Has oxygenated blood to be delivered to the body

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4
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Has deoxygenated blood that travels to the lungs to remove carbon dioxide and gather more oxygen

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5
Q

Valves

A

The purpose is to ensure that the blood is only able to travel in one direction

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6
Q

Mitral valve

A

On the left side of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Keeps the blood in the left ventricle

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7
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Is on the right side and is between the right atrium and right ventricle

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8
Q

Aortic valve

A

Between the aorta and the left ventricle and prevents the blood from going back into the left ventricle

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9
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery to stop the blood from going back into the right ventricle

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10
Q

Order of the blood flow

A

Deoxygenated blood goes right atrium>right ventricle > pulmonary artery > Lungs > Left atrium > Left ventricle > Aorta which pumps oxygenated blood back to the body

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11
Q

Systole phase (pumping)

A

Is the contraction of the heart muscle forcing blood out of the ventricle and into the arteries

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12
Q

Diastole phase (filling)

A

Is the relaxation phase of the heart beat where the heart fills with blood from the veins

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13
Q

Stroke volume

A

Is the volume of the blood that is ejected from the left ventricle of the heat with each heart beat
80mL at rest, 120mL at maximal exercise

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14
Q

Heart rate

A

Is the amount of times per minute the heart beats

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15
Q

Cardiac output

A

Is the product of the two above terms. It is a measure of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute
4.8L/min at rest, 20L/min at maximal exercise

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16
Q

Changes of heart rate during exercise

A

As exercise intensity increases the heart rate increase

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17
Q

Changes to stroke volume during exercise

A

As intensity increases from rest to submaximal intensity to maximal intensity stroke volume increases until it reaches its maximum volume at a submaximal intensity.

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18
Q

Cardiac output equation (Q)

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

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19
Q

Blood vessels

A

The large network responsible for the transportation of blood around the body

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20
Q

Blood vessel types

A 
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
Arterioles
Arteries
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21
Q

Arteries

A

Large thick blood vessels that carry large volumes of blood away from the heart
That blood is high pressure which is why the walls are so thick

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22
Q

Capillaries

A

Are tiny blood vessels that create a network between the arterioles and venules. they are the sites for gas exchange between the blood stream and the muscles

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23
Q

Veins

A

Are much less elastic as it has less pressure and contain pocket valves that prevent backflow of venous return. It returns the blood to the heart.

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24
Q

Arterioles

A

Are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries

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25
Venules
Venules are minute vessels that drain blood from capillaries and into veins
26
Precapillary sphinctre
Are bands of smooth muscle that surround each branch of the capillary at its exit from the arteriole. Control the blood flow through the capillaries to redistribute blood for the parts of the body that need it most
27
Blood pressure
Is the pressure exerted by the arterial blood against vessel walls as it is forced through the cardiovascular system.
28
Systolic blood pressure
Is the pressure recorded during the contraction phase of the heart cycle (arteries)
29
Diastolic blood pressure
Is the pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle (veins)
30
Myoglobin
Is a molecule that is in muscle and is responsible for the uptake of oxygen as it moves from the capillaries and into the muscles Oxygen binds itself to the myoglobin then is transported to the mitochondria
31
a-VO2 oxygen difference
Is a comparison of the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood when compared to the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood
32
Red blood cell
Are formed in the bone marrow of long and flat bones Contain haemoglobin which is responsible for the transportation of oxygen to the body's muscles and tissues as well as the removal of CO2
33
Haemoglobin molecule
Is a protein molecule in red blood cells that oxygen binds to, allowing it to be carried from the lungs to the body's tissues. It also carries CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs
34
White blood cells
Produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the spleen. Help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses and germs that invade the body. They absorb and digest the organisms within the body that are disease causing
35
Platelets
Are formed in the bone marrow of long and flat bones Are tiny blood cells that help the body form clots to stop bleeding. Platelets move to the site of damage and form a clot to repair the damage
36
Plasma
Is the liquid portion of the blood in which red/white blood cells are suspended Maintains satisfactory blood pressure Maintains blood volume A site of exchange of vital minerals which are critical for cell function
37
Functions of blood
Transport if gases, fuels, minerals and antibodies | Important role in thermoregulation and avoiding dehydration
38
Pulmonary circuit
Venous (deoxygenated) blood returns from the body into the inferior vena cava Enters right ventricle then up to right atrium where it is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs The oxygenated blood comes back through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium then goes into the left ventricle before being pumped through the aorta to the body
39
Where should blood be sent?
The distribution of blood varies in response to where the blood is needed, how much and when it is needed. Depends on the demand for oxygenated blood at that time
40
Distribution of blood during exercise
When we exercise the demand for oxygen increases and the flow increases to working muscles and decreases to non-essential organs
41
Vasodilation
Is the result of the precapillary sphincters relaxing surrounding the blood vessels. It allows a greater deal of blood to flow through the vessel
42
Vasoconstriction
Is the result of the contraction in the precapillary sphincters surrounding the blood vessels Allows a smaller volumes of blood to flow through the vessel
43
Homeostasis
Is the property of a system in which a variable is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant even when the external environment is changed
44
Negative feedback
Occurs when information is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output
45
Thermoregulation
37 ^0 C | The hypothalamus detects a change from thermoreceptors and sends out signals to respond to the change and keep it stable
46
Thermoreceptors
Are nerves located in the skin that monitor the external temperature They send impulses to the brain to make changes to keep body temperature stable
47
Acclimitisation
Living and training in hot conditions to expose the body to the stress of the heat and get the body used to it Increases sweat rates, better at maintaining blood plasma
48
Funtion of respiratory system
Responsible for gas exchange within the body Delivering air from the atmosphere to the lungs Transfer oxygen to the bloodstream Remove carbon dioxide from the blood
49
Oxygen uptake - system responsibility
Respiratory - Lung and airways take in oxygen Cardiovascular - Heart, blood vessels and blood transport the oxygen Muscular system - Muscles which take up and use the oxygen
50
Where does the oxygen go once inhaled
Into the lungs and down to the alveoli where is is exchanged with carbon dioxide into the capillaries, then to the heart into the arteries, arterioles and then the capillaries in working muscles
51
Oxygen delivery within the muscle
The oxygen in the capillaries (bloodstream) binds to a molecule called myoglobin which then transports it to the mitochondria
52
Aerobic energy production
Mitochondria uses the oxygen to breakdown fuels and create energy by resynthesizing ATP
53
Structure of the respiratory system
``` Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Diaphragm ```
54
Inspiration
The movement of air from the external environment into the lungs
55
Expiration
The movement of air out of the lungs to the external environment
56
Lung capacity
Is the volume of air that can be held in the lungs after maximum inspiration
57
Vital capacity
Is the maximum amount if air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
58
Residual volume
Is the amount if air left in the lungs at the end of a concious, maximal expiration
59
Tidal volume
Is the amount of air that is inspired per breath | 0.5L per breath
60
Respiratory rate
Is the amount of breaths taken per minute | 12-15 per min
61
Ventilation
Is the amount of air in L that is inspired and expired per minute 6-7.5 L/min
62
Ventilation formula
Ventilation = Tidal volume X Resiratory rate
63
Changes during exercise - respiratory rate
As the intensity of exercise the amount of breaths taken per minute increases
64
Changes during exercise - tidal volume
As intensity increases from rest to submaximal, tidal volume gradually increases but when we reach submaximal intensity there is a maximum volume of air that can be taken in
65
Changes during exercise - ventilation
As levels of intensity increase so do the levels of ventilation until maximum level is reached
66
Alveoli
Are microscopic air sacs connected to the airways that carry air in and out of them. They are connected to capillaries to allow the gases to pass through them exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
67
Pulmonary diffusion
Explain the gaseous exchange that occurs in the lungs. The air in the alveoli moves from the higher concentration of oxygen to the lower concentration of oxygen in the capillaries across the thin membranes
68
Carbon dioxide exchange at the lungs
CO2 moves from an area of high concentration in the capillaries to an area of low concentration in the alveoli
69
Acute response to exercise - respiratory
Increased respiratory rate Increased tidal volume Increased ventialtion Increased activation of alveoli
70
Acute response to exercise - cardiovascular
Increased heart rate Increased stroke volume Increased cardiac output Redistribution of blood to muscles
71
Oxygen defecit
The period at the start of exercise where the oxygen supply is less than the demand. During this time energy is produced via the anaerobic pathways
72
Steady state
A period where the oxygen supply is able to meet the oxygen demand
73
EPOC - Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
At the end of exercise where oxygen consumption remains above resting levels to assist in recovery
74
What will be different about an athletes cardiovascular system?
The ventricle will be thicker to pump more blood around the body

PE (6 decks)

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