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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organelle?

A
  1. Inside the cell–> each individual part such as nucleus, Golgi
    1. Smaller than the cell
      1. Tiny organs in the cell
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2
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus

A
  1. To control the cell and the functions in the cell
    2. Stores DNA
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3
Q

List two places you can find ribosomes in the cell

A

Rough ER, cytoplasm

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4
Q

List one cool thing lysosomes do

A

Program cell death
Dispose of debris/trash

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5
Q

If your body didn’t have vesicles, what would happen (or not be able to happen)

A
  1. It wouldn’t be able to transport proteins
    1. Transportation wouldn’t happen in between cells and from one organelle from another so a cell might not have the right amount of nutrients
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6
Q
  1. One main goal of the cell is to make… because they run your body
A

Proteins

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7
Q

Which organelle holds the instructions for making proteins

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

What organelle actually makes proteins

A

Ribosomes (in the rough er, and cytoplasm)

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9
Q

What organelle modifies and packages proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Which organelle transports proteins where they need to go

A

Vesicles

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11
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

what macromolecule is used for short term energy signaling

A

carbohydrates

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13
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

monomer of carbohydrates
a simple sugar

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14
Q

what are lipids used for

A

protecting the cell
cell membrane
insulation
long term energy storage

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15
Q

what macromolecule is considered the informational molecule

A

nucleic acid

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16
Q

where rRNA is made

A

nucleolus

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17
Q

critical for cell division

A

centrioles

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18
Q

where lipids are made

A

smooth ER

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19
Q

where ATP is made

A

mitochondria

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20
Q

can propel the entire cell through fluids

A

flagella

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21
Q

which organelle plays the most critical role in maintaining homeostasis

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

list the two main types of cellular transport and what one type requires that the other doesn’t

A

active transport: requires energy (ATP)
passive transport: doesn’t require energy

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23
Q

what organelle is critical for endocytosis and exocytosis to occur

A

vesicles

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24
Q

what types of molecules can’t get through the cell membrane easily

A

large molecules
polar molecules

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25
Q

produces and secretes hormones

A

endocrine system

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26
Q

acts as a barrier to protext the body from the outside world

A

integumentary

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27
Q

controls voluntary and involuntary actions

A

nervous system

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28
Q

provides support and protection for internal organs

A

skeletal

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29
Q

critical for nutrient transport and gas exchange

A

cardiovascular

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30
Q

The head is … to the shoulders

A

superior

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31
Q

the fingers are… to the elbow

A

distal

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32
Q

the lungs are… to the rib cage

A

deep

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33
Q

a paper cut would be considered a … wound

A

superficial

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34
Q

the shoulders are… to the chest

A

lateral

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35
Q

smallest unit of all living things

A

cell

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36
Q

similar cells with a common function

A

tissue

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37
Q

made of 2 or more types of tissues

A

organ

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38
Q

group of organs working toward a common goal

A

organ system

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39
Q

highest level of structural organization for an individual

A

organism

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40
Q

the study of the struture of an organism

A

anatomy

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41
Q

the study of how an organism’s body functions

A

physiology

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42
Q

8 functions necessary for life

A

maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness
digestion
metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth

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43
Q

5 survival needs

A

nutrients
oxygen
normal body temperature
water
normal atmospheric pressure

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44
Q

describe anatomical position

A

body straight with feet slightly apart
thumbs pointed away from the body
palms facing forward

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45
Q

the nose is… to the ear

A

medial

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46
Q

the hip is … to the pelvis

A

lateral

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47
Q

the chest is … to the back

A

anterior
ventral

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48
Q

the spine is … to the stomach

A

posterior
dorsal

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49
Q

medial plane

A

straight down the center of the body

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50
Q

coronal/frontal plane

A

separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body.

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51
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates the left and right sides of the body

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52
Q

transverse plane

A

separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body

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53
Q

the dorsal body cavity

A

encloses brain and spinal chord

54
Q

what membrane protects the dorsal body cavities

A

meninges

55
Q

the ventral body cavities

A

protects the visceral organs

56
Q

three major divisions of the ventral body cavity

A

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

57
Q

what membrane lines the ventral body cavities

A

serosa

58
Q

inner layer of the double layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavities

A

visceral serosa

59
Q

outer layer of the double layered membrane that lines the ventral body cavity

A

parietal serosa

60
Q

umbilical region

A

belly button area

61
Q

epigastric region

A

space above dural part of the spine

62
Q

hypochondriac

A

ribs

63
Q

hypogastric

A

below stomach

64
Q

iliac

A

part of hip bone is called ilia

65
Q

muscular tissue’s responsibilities

A

movement of skeleton, beating of heart, movement of food through digestive system

66
Q

connective tissue responsibilities

A

makes up bone, cartilage, blood
connects organs together

67
Q

nervous tissue responsibilities

A

conducts electrical impulses through the brain, spinal chord, and nerves

68
Q

responsibilities of epithelial tissue

A

makes up skin, lining of internal pathways, and glands

69
Q

the structure in which DNA is shaped

A

double helix

70
Q

what are the sides of DNA made of (the sides of the “ladder”

A

phosphate and sugar molecules

71
Q

what are the “rungs” of DNA made out of

A

nitrogen bases such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

72
Q

what is the principle of base pairing

A

a always bonds with t and c always bonds with g

73
Q

what does dna code

A

codes all of the proteins required by the body

74
Q

2 major processes used to create proteins

A

transcriptions and translation

75
Q

the process of converting DNA code into mRNA messages

A

transcription

76
Q

what type of cell division happens in somatic (body) cells

A

mitosis

77
Q

what type of cell division happens in gametes (sex cells)

A

meiosis

78
Q

how many daughter cells does a meiosis-parent cell make

A

4 different daughter cells

79
Q

how many daughter cells are made in mitosis

A

two identical daughter cells

80
Q

two examples of passive transport processes

A

diffusion and osmosis

81
Q

when molecules move naturally from high to low concentration; does not require energy

A

passive transport

82
Q

what is facilitated confusion

A

when larger molecules are helped across the membrane by channels made of proteins

83
Q

what is active transport

A

it moves molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration and requires energy

84
Q

7 things that qualify something to be a living thing

A

made of cells
respond to simuli
able to grow and reproduce
uses energy and has a metabolism
contains DNA or rna as genetic material
adapt to their environment

85
Q

specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function

A

organelles

86
Q

structure of cytoplasm

A

jelly like fluid inside of cells
mainly made of water

87
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

holds everything in place

88
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

selective permeable barrier
2 layers of phospholipids
carbohydrates embedded throughout to provide structure
proteins are embedded to aid in transporting nutrients and signals

89
Q

function of cell membrane

A

controls what goes in and out
phospholipids allow for some molecules to easily pass through
small, nonpolar, hydrophobic, neutral molecules and water can pass easily
polar molecules cant pass easily

90
Q

structure of cytoskeleton

A

threadlike fibers
made of proteins

91
Q

function of cytolasm

A

support, maintain shape, motility, and regulate biochemical activities

92
Q

what is a centriole

A

an organelle associated with the cytoskeleon

93
Q

structure of a centriole

A

made of microtubules
microtubules grow out of centrioles

94
Q

function of centrioles

A

appear during cell division
help call divide by pulling chromosomes apart

95
Q

cilia structure

A

shorter than flagella, more numerous, like tiny oars

96
Q

flagella structure

A

longer than cilia, fewer

97
Q

function of cilia

A

move fluid across cell’s surface

98
Q

flagella function

A

move entire cell through extracellular fluid (sperm)

99
Q

nucleus structure

A

contains genetic material
surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out
nucleolus at center

100
Q

nucleus function

A

protects the dna that controls the activities in the cell
nucleolus is where ribosomes are formed

101
Q

what forms inside a nucleolus

A

ribosomes

102
Q

structure of ribosomes and location

A

made of proteins and rRNA
located on rough ER and floating in cytoplasm

103
Q

function of ribosomes

A

make proteins

104
Q

rough ER structure

A

has ribosomes on surface
hugs nucleus
network of membranes and sacs

105
Q

function of rough er

A

makes proteins
send transport vesicles to golgi apparatus
package proteins for secretion

106
Q

vesicles

A

transport proteins around and out of the cell

107
Q

smooth er structure

A

no ribosomes on surface
attached to rough er
network of membranes and sacs

108
Q

function of smooth er

A

makes lipids
modifies small molecules
sit of glycogen degradation

109
Q

golgi apparatus structure

A

folded/flattened membrane sacs

110
Q

golgi apparatus

A

gets vesicles of protein from rough er and processes, modifies, packages, and sorts them for transport

111
Q

lysosomes structure

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes for breaking things down

112
Q

functions of lysosomes

A

breakdown dead stuff
can do programmed cell death

113
Q

structure of vacuoles

A

smaller and can be more numerous in animal cells

114
Q

vacuoles function

A

storage

115
Q

mitochondia structure

A

two parts: folded membrane and enzyme-packed fluid

116
Q

function of mitochondria

A

where cellular respiration occurs
breaks down chemical energy in food to release it as usable energy in the form of ATP

117
Q

when a sperm fertilizes an egg, the single cell that forms has the potential to form all the cells in an entire organism… this cell is called a

A

totipotent cell

118
Q

cells that can differentiate into many types of specialized cells

A

pluripotent cells

119
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

moves with the concentration gradient
Zero energy needed–>passive transport
particles going through the cell membrane

120
Q

are endocytosis and exocytosis forms of passive or active transport

A

active

121
Q

give a scenario where a cell may need to perform of endocytosis

A

amoeba taking nutrients into a vacuole, large molecule into cell like a large polysaccharide

122
Q

what type of transport is needed for water to travel across the cell membrane at a substantial rate, the water molecules travel through protein channels known as aquaporins

A

facilitated diffusion

123
Q

what type of transport is needed for when water molecules are polar, they are also very small

A

simple diffusion

124
Q

what type of transport is needed for when charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient

A

simple diffusion

125
Q

what type of transport is needed for when cells lining the gut need to take in glucose, but at a certain time, the concentration of extracellular glucose is lower than the concentration already stored in the cells

A

active transport

126
Q

at a certain time, glucose is in a high concentration outside of a cell and needs to travel through the membrane into the cell

A

active transport

127
Q

monomer of nucleic acids and functions

A

nucleotide; codes for proteins, transcriptions, translation

128
Q

monomer of proteins and functions

A

amino acids; short term energy, motor and transport proteins, creates hemoglobin, repairs/builds muscle and tissue, enzymes, antibodies, hormones

129
Q

monomer of carbohydrates and function

A

monosaccharides and polypeptides; long term energy

130
Q

monomer of lipids and functions

A

fatty acids and glycerol molecules; insulation, protects cell, allows certain things in and out, moves and stores energy

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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