Unit 1 The Global Tapestry 1200-1450 (8-10%)

Question 1

How did the Song Dynasty maintain and justify its rule?

Answer 1

Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy

Question 2

Revival of Confucianism

Answer 2

The rise of Buddhism and Daoism led to the decline of Confucianism. The Tang Dynasty revived Confucianism which continued into Song rule.

Question 3

Neo-Confucianism

Answer 3

Sought to revitalize Confucianism by incorporating elements of Buddhism and Daoism.

Question 4

Confucianism

Answer 4

Emphasized hierarchical relationships to achieve social harmony.

Question 5

Filial Piety

Answer 5

Honoring one’s parents and ancestors → filial children became loyal subjects.

Question 6

Women in Song China

Answer 6

Women were subordinate to men → stripped of legal rights and endured social restrictions such as foot-binding.

Question 7

Imperial Bureaucracy

Answer 7

Government officials carried the emperor’s policies over vast territory→grew in scope under the Song Dynasty.

Question 8

Meritocracy & Civil Service Examination

Answer 8

Bureaucratic jobs were earned based on merit → most qualified people got the jobs.

Question 9

China’s Influence on Korea

Answer 9

1. Similar civil service examination
2. Adopted Buddhism

Question 10

China’s Influence in Japan

Answer 10

1. Adopted a centralized government → weakened during the Heian Period.
2. Zen Buddhism

Question 11

China’s Influence on Vietnam

Answer 11

1. The elite adopted Confucianism and Buddhism.
2. Rejected certain practices such as foot-binding and polygyny.

Question 12

Buddhism

Answer 12

Centered on the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment → spread to China from India via the Silk Roads.

Question 13

What are similarities between Buddhism and Hinduism?

Answer 13

Reincarnation & Enlightenment

Question 14

How did Buddhism change as it spread to new places?

Answer 14

1. Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka → confined Buddhism to monks and monasteries.
2. Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia → broader participation in Buddhist practices.

New forms of Buddhism arose as it interacted with local cultures.

Question 15

Commercialization of the Song Economy

Answer 15

Manufacturers and artisans began to produce more goods than they consumed → sold those good such as porcelain and silk in markets.

Question 16

Champa Rice

Answer 16

Drought-resistant rice that could be harvest multiple times a year → more food which led to population growth.

Question 17

Grand Canal

Answer 17

Facilitated trade and communication among China’s regions.

Question 18

Tributary System

Answer 18

States acknowledged China’s power by sending tributes to honor the emperor → gave China great influence and facilitated trade.
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all tribute states.

Question 19

Monotheistic Religions

Answer 19

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Question 20

Abbasid Caliphate

Answer 20

Ethnically Arab empire known for its Golden Age of Islam → began to break up and lose its power as the center of the Islamic world.

Question 21

Baghdad

Answer 21

The capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate → center of learning, trade, and culture.

Question 22

Mamluk Sultanate

Answer 22

Located in Egypt → Cairo became a center of Islamic culture and learning.

Question 23

Seljuk Empire

Answer 23

Established in Central Asia as by Seljuk nomads.

Question 24

Delhi Sultanate

Answer 24

Located in North India → marked the rise of Islam in the region.

Question 25

The Mongols

Answer 25

Sacked Baghdad in 1258 → marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Question 26

How did the the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate represent change and continuity?

Answer 26

The new empires were ethnically Turkic, not Arab (change). The new empires established sharia law and had militaristic rule (continuity).

Question 27

Cultural & Scientific Innovations in Dar al-Islam

Answer 27

1. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi made significant advances in mathematics. 2. Muslim scholars preserved the works Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle by translating them into Arabic.

Question 28

The House of Wisdom

Answer 28

Renowned center of learning in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam.

Question 29

How did Islamic rule expand?

Answer 29

1. Military expansion 2. Muslim merchants 3. Sufi missionaries

Question 30

What were the three main religions fighting for dominance in South and Southeast Asia?

Answer 30

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.

Question 31

Bhakti Movement

Answer 31

Began in South India as an innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism → emphasized devotion to one Hindu god. It challenged social and gender hierarchies in Hindu India.

Question 32

How was the Delhi Sultanate ineffective?

Answer 32

They had difficulty imposing a total Muslim state among the majority Hindu population.

Question 33

Rajput Kingdoms

Answer 33

Rival and warring Hindu kingdoms → resisted Islamic rule.

Question 34

Vijayanagara Empire

Answer 34

Established as a failed attempt to extend Muslim rule in South India.

Question 35

Sea-based Empires

Answer 35

1. Majapahit Kingdom → Buddhist kingdom that maintained its influence by controlling trade routes. 2. Srivijaya Empire → Buddhist kingdom that gained wealth by taxing ships entering the Malacca Strait.

Question 36

Land-Based Empires

Answer 36

1. Khmer Empire → Converted to Buddhism → Angkor Wat combines Hindu & Buddhist elements. 2. Sinhala Dynasties → centers of Buddhism.

Question 37

Aztec Administration

Answer 37

Created a system of tribute states → conquered people were required to provide labor goods, and human sacrifices.

Question 38

Inca Adminstration

Answer 38

Created an elaborate bureaucracy and had a rigid hierarchy of officials spread throughout the empire.

Question 39

Mit'a System

Answer 39

Required people to provide labor on state projects.

Question 40

Carpa Nan

Answer 40

Extensive network of roads that allowed Inca military to maintain rule over a vast territory.

Question 41

Difference between Aztec & Inca administration:

Answer 41

Aztecs → decentralized, while the Incas → highly centralized.

Question 42

Mississippian State Building

Answer 42

Large towns dominated smaller, satellite settlements. Known for their large earth mounds → Cahokia.

Question 43

Swahili Civilization

Answer 43

Series of city-states that gained influence through trade in the Indian Ocean trade.

Question 44

Swahili Administration

Answer 44

Politically independent with a common social hierarchy → put merchants above commoners. Deeply influenced by Muslim traders → Swahili language.

Question 45

Mali Kingdom

Answer 45

High centralized kingdom established by Sundiata → used connections with Muslim traders to cultivate a thriving gold trade.

Question 46

Hausa Kingdoms

Answer 46

Series of city-states that shared a common culture and language. Grew powerful through land-based trade on the trans-Saharan trade.

Question 47

Zimbabwe

Answer 47

Grew wealthy through farming cattle herding, and gold exports. Zimbabwe never converted to Islam and maintain indigenous religion.

Question 48

Kingdom of Ethiopia

Answer 48

Had a hierarchical structure with the monarch on top. Only Christian state.

Question 49

Christianity in Europe

Answer 49

Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.

Question 50

Byzantine Empire

Answer 50

Eastern part of the Roman Empire → Orthodox Christianity (continued by the Kievan Rus).

Question 51

States in Western Europe were . . .

Answer 51

Tiny, decentralized states that emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire → united under Roman Catholicism.

Question 52

The Roman Catholic Church

Answer 52

Held significant influence over society, culture, and politics.

Question 53

Spain

Answer 53

The Umayyads conquered Spain and ruled from Cordoba → center of Islam.

Question 54

Anti-Semitism

Answer 54

Jewish persecution that pushed Jews to the edge of society.

Question 55

European Adminstration

Answer 55

Decentralization and political fragmentation → feudalism and manorialism.

Question 56

Feudalism

Answer 56

A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights → vassals received land from their lords in exchange for military service.

Question 57

Manoralism

Answer 57

A system in which serfs worked on lands owned by lords in exchange for protection.

Question 58

Who held political and economic power in Europe?

Answer 58

Landowning lords (nobility) → monarchs gained powers and states became highly centralized.