Unit 5 Revolutions 1750-1900 (12-15%)

Question 1

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 1

Intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationship.

Question 2

Rationalism

Answer 2

Reason, rather the emotion/external authority, is the most reliable source of knowledge.

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

True knowledge is gained through the senses → experimentation.

Question 4

Scientific Revolution

Answer 4

Period of scientific advancements in Europe, marked by the change from traditional beliefs and religion to reason.

Question 5

How are the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment related?

Answer 5

The Scientific Revolution laid down the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment → philosophers applied scientific and rationalistic thinking to the study of human society.

Question 6

The Enlightenment challenged ________.

Answer 6

Religious & Political authority

Question 7

Deism

Answer 7

Belief in a God who created the universe and then left it to operate according to natural laws, without intervening.

Question 8

Atheism

Answer 8

Lack of belief in deities or god.

Question 9

Main political ideas of the Enlightenment:

Answer 9

Individualism, natural rights, and the social contract.

Question 10

Individualism

Answer 10

The most basic element of society was the individual and not collective groups.

Question 11

Natural Rights

Answer 11

Humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity.

Question 12

Social Contract

Answer 12

Governments get their power from the consent of the governed, who surrender certain rights in exchange for protection and order.

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

Argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, & property, and that governments exist to protect these rights → if they don’t, people have to right to revolt.

Question 14

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 14

Believed in popular sovereignty, where the government should reflect the will of the people.

Question 15

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 15

Claimed that without a government to maintain order, people would be in a constant state of conflict.

Question 16

Effects of the Englightenment

Answer 16

1. Challenged traditional authority
2. Rise of nationalism
3. Inspired major revolutions
4. Abolition of slavery
5. Reform movements

Question 17

Causes of Revolutions

Answer 17

Nationalism, political dissent, new ideologies such as popular sovereignty, democracy, and liberalism.

Question 18

Nationalism

Answer 18

Sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs → desire for own territory.

Question 19

How did some states use nationalism to their advantage?

Answer 19

They fostered a sense of unity among their people through nationalist themes, public rituals, and military service.

Question 20

Political Dissent

Answer 20

Widespread discontent with monarch and imperial rule.
Ex. The Safavid Empire imposed harsh taxes leading to resistance.
Ex. The Wahhabi movement attempted to reform the corrupted form of Islam in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 21

Popular Sovreignty

Answer 21

The power to govern was in the hands of the people.

Question 22

Democracy

Answer 22

People must have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government.

Question 23

Liberalism

Answer 23

Emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom.

Question 24

The American Revolution (1765-1783)

Answer 24

Conflict between American colonies and the British government caused by taxation, governing policies, and adoption of enlightenment principles → Declaration of the Independence and the establishment of the United States.

Question 25

French Revolution (1789-1799)

Answer 25

Period of social & political upheaval in France caused by economic crisis, social inequality, and enlightenment ideals → Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the abolition of the monarchy (Louis XVI).

Question 26

The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

Answer 26

Period of intense violence and political repression during which people were executed for opposing the revolution.

Question 27

Napoleon

Answer 27

Rose to power after the French Revolution and established to French Empire → expanded French territory and influence across Europe.

Question 28

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

Answer 28

Slave revolt under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture in the French colony of Haiti → establishment of the first black republic.

Question 29

Latin American Revolutions

Answer 29

Series of revolutions inspired by the American & French Revolutions and growing discontent among Creoles (Simon Bolivar) → rise of independent nations in Latin America.

Question 30

Propaganda Movement in the Phillippines

Answer 30

Campaign led by Filipino intellects aimed at reforming Spanish colonial rule through advocacy, literature, and education → increased national identity and led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

Question 31

Unification of Italy and Germany

Answer 31

Leaders of both nations used nationalism, diplomacy, and military tactics to unify each place under a single government.

Question 32

Industrial Revolution

Answer 32

Process by which states transitioned from agrarian to industrial economies.

Question 33

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain in 1750?

Answer 33

1. Proximity to Waterways 2. Coal and Iron 3. Access to Foreign Resources 4. Improved Agricultural Productivity 5. Urbanization 6. Protection of Private Property 7. Accumulation of Capital

Question 34

Factory System

Answer 34

Centralized production of goods in large-scale factories powered by water, and later electricity.

Question 35

Specialization of Labor

Answer 35

Workers focused on specific tasks within a production process → increased productivity.

Question 36

Effect of the Steam Engine

Answer 36

Facilitated the spread of industrialization because factories did not have to rely on water. Steamships also transport mass-produced goods further and faster.

Question 37

What determined a state's industrialization?

Answer 37

The degree to which each state had the seven factors needed to industrialize → industrialized nations vs. non-industrialized nations.

Question 38

Impact of Industrialization on Middle East and Asian Countries

Answer 38

These regions continued to produce manufactured goods, but their share in global manufacturing declined due to industrialization in Britain and the U.S.

Question 39

India and Egypt were major producers of textiles, however the rise of British industrialization led to a . . .

Answer 39

Decline in Indian textile production and exports because British-made textiles were cheaper and more readily available.

Question 40

Industrialization in France

Answer 40

Slower due to political instability after the French Revolution and limited coal deposits → focused on textiles.

Question 41

Industrialization in the United States

Answer 41

Driven by private businesses and entrepreneurs. The U.S. had lots of natural resources and a growing labor force (especially immigrants).

Question 42

Industrialization in Russia

Answer 42

The Russian government invested in infrastructure (trans-Siberian railroad) and industries like steel and coal.

Question 43

Industrialization in Japan

Answer 43

Japan modernized quickly, using Western technology and sending people abroad to learn.

Question 44

1st vs. 2nd Industrial Revolutions: Key Technologies

Answer 44

1st: Steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, coal, iron. 2nd: Electricity, steel, internal combustion engine, chemicals.

Question 45

1st vs. 2nd Industrial Revolutions: Main industries

Answer 45

1st: Textiles, coal mining, iron, early railroads. 2nd: Steel, chemicals, automobiles, electricity, machinery.

Question 46

Impact of the New Technologies

Answer 46

1. Development of Interior Regions 2. Increase in Trade and Migration

Question 47

Egyptian Industrialization

Answer 47

Muhammad Ali built textile factories, canals, railroads, and taxed imported goods → Britain took control in Egypt to protect their own interests.

Question 48

Meiji Restoration

Answer 48

Marked the end of Tokugawa Shogunate and isolationism → Japan adopted Western-style reforms in politics, education, and society. It also industrialized rapidly by building railroads, factories, and infrastructure.

Question 49

Mercantilism

Answer 49

Declining economic-system that played a massive role in European exploration and imperialism.

Question 50

Adam Smith

Answer 50

Argued that people acting in their own self-interest in a free market helps the economy grow, with little government interference → laid the groundwork for capitalism.

Question 51

Laissez Faire Economies

Answer 51

Government should not interfere in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely with minimal regulation → supply and demand is guided by the "invisible hand."

Question 52

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 52

Argued that the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free market economies but government legislation.

Question 53

Friedrich List

Answer 53

Argued that a government should protect its industries from foreign competition to promote economic growth.

Question 54

Transnational Corporations

Answer 54

Company that is controlled in one country, but establishes large operations in many other countries → held significant economic power.

Question 55

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

Answer 55

Opened in 1865 in British controlled Hong Kong to organize and control British imperial ventures.

Question 56

Unilever Corporation

Answer 56

Joint company established by the British and the Dutch that manufactured household goods, mostly soap → opened factories around the world and got its raw materials from African colonies.

Question 57

Stock Markets

Answer 57

Shares of companies are bought and sold, typically through exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange, allowing companies to raise capital by selling ownership stakes, while investors can buy shares to potentially earn a return.

Question 58

Limited Liability

Answer 58

Business owners are only responsible for the money they invest, protecting their personal assets.

Question 59

Western industrialized powers were far richer in the 1900s leading to . . .

Answer 59

1. High standards of living 2. Greater access to consumer goods

Question 60

Industrialization created a _________ that purchased _________.

Answer 60

New middle class & Mass-produced consumer goods.

Question 61

Further development of manufacturing technologies made _________ more efficient and cheaper, meaning more people had _________.

Answer 61

Production & Access to goods.

Question 62

Labor Reforms

Answer 62

Working class worked long hours in poor factory conditions for low pay → advocated for better working conditions.

Question 63

Political Reforms

Answer 63

Expanded voting rights to men and women → mass based political parties.

Question 64

Social Reforms

Answer 64

Working class people reorganized into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events.

Question 65

Educational Reforms

Answer 65

Expanded access to education, particularly for the working class and women. Governments also passed mandatory education for children.

Question 66

Urban Reforms

Answer 66

Efforts to improve sanitation, healthcare, and public health infrastructure.

Question 67

Labor Unions

Answer 67

Workers who joined together in order to protect their own interests → negotiated with employers for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.

Question 68

Scientific Socialism (Marxism)

Answer 68

Developed by Karl Marx and published in the Communist Manifesto; Believed that capitalism was unstable by nature because it created sharp class division. Advocated for a classless society achieved through a revolutionary process led by the proletariat → collective ownership of production.

Question 69

Challenges in Qing China

Answer 69

European powers sought trade rights and access to Chinese markets, leading to Conflicts like the Opium Wars → Spheres of Influence in China.

Question 70

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 70

Series of reforms that sought to industrialize China and revitalize Chinese culture → faced internal resistance from Confucian officials and land-owners.

Question 71

Ottoman Industrialization through the Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 71

All reforms were more secular in nature and divorced from the historic Islamic character of the empire. → built textile factories, implemented Western-style law codes and courts, expanded education systems, etc → unsuccessful.

Question 72

Young Ottomans

Answer 72

Desired a European-style parliament and constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans.

Question 73

New Social Classes

Answer 73

1. Industrial Working Class - Factory workers → easily replaceable 2. Middle Class - White collar workers → consumers 3. Industrialists - Owned industrial corporations

Question 74

Effects on Women

Answer 74

1. Working Class Women - Worked in factories since husband's wages were not sufficient. 2. Middle Class Women - Defined by domestic roles as homemakers.

Question 75

Challenges of Industrialization

Answer 75

1. Pollution - Rapid pace of industrialization meant infrastructure could not keep up → air and water pollution. 2. Housing Shortages - Tenements were constructed with terrible living conditions → spread diseases. 2. Increased Crime - Rise in theft and violent crimes.