Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization 175-1900 (12-15%)

Question 1

What 4 major ideologies contributed to the new wave of imperialism?

Answer 1

1. Nationalism
2. Scientific Racism
3. Social Darwinism
4. Civilizing Mission

Question 2

Nationalism

Answer 2

Sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, customs → desire for self-rule.
Increased due to the spread of Enlightenment ideals.

Question 3

Nationalism resulted in the unification of ______ and ______.

Answer 3

Italy & Germany

Question 4

Nationalism also resulted in ______ between European empires leading to their ______.

Answer 4

Rivalry & Expansion

Question 5

Scientific Racism

Answer 5

Humans can be hierarchically ranked into classes based of race → white & non-white.

Question 6

Social Darwinism

Answer 6

“Survival of the fittest” also applied to human societies → justified imperialism, arguing that white Europeans were more fit to rule over other races.

Question 7

Civilizing Mission

Answer 7

The duty of European colonial powers to spread their way of life to lower non-European societies → justified colonialism.

Question 8

How did European colonial powers “civilize” lower societies?

Answer 8

1. Sending Christian Missionaries
2. Reorganizing colonial governments into western models.
3. Imposing western-style education which aimed to suppress indigenous language & culture.

Question 9

In the period 1450-1750 European colonization focused on ______, but it shifted to ______, ______, and ______ in the period 1750-1900.

Answer 9

The Americas, Africa, Asia, & Southeast Asia.

Question 10

In the period 1750-1900, ______ and ______ were ______ in power, however ______, ______, and ______continued to ______.

Answer 10

Spain, Portugal, declining, Great Britain, France, Dutch & hold power.

Question 11

The period 1750-1900 also saw the rise of ______, ______, ______, and ______ as imperial powers.

Answer 11

Germany, Italy, the United States, & Japan.

Question 12

What 4 methods contributed to imperial expansion>

Answer 12

1. Private to State Controlled Colonies
2. Diplomacy & Warfare in Africa
3. Settler Colonies
4. Conquering Neighboring Territories

Question 13

Some colonies were controlled by _______ instead of _______.

Answer 13

Private businesses & Governments
Ex. The Congo Free State

Question 14

The Congo Free State was a ______ held by ______ of _______.

Answer 14

Private colony, King Leopold II of Belgium (new state @ the time).

Question 15

King Leopold II used ______ to ______ the Congo Free State for ______, specifically ______.

Answer 15

Forced labor, exploit, resources, & rubber.

Question 16

How did the Congo Free State shift to Belgian state control?

Answer 16

Reports of Leopold’s brutality led to international condemnation → Belgium took over in 1908, renaming it to the Belgian Congo.

Question 17

The ______ in India also lost to state control after the ______, establishing the ______.

Answer 17

British East India Company, Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, & British Raj.

Question 18

How did India shift to British state control?

Answer 18

The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 → exposed the EIC’s inability to rule India.

Question 19

How did states expand their territories in Africa through diplomacy?

Answer 19

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) → resolved the Scramble for Africa by drawing European territorial boundaries, ignoring existing ethnic divisions.

Question 20

How did France gain control of Algeria?

Answer 20

Through violent military expeditions.

Question 21

Settler Colonies

Answer 21

Territories claimed by imperial powers in which settlers migrate to set up their own society.
Ex. British colonies in America, Australia & New Zealand, Dutch colonies in South Africa, & the French colony of Algeria.

Question 22

The desire for _______ in the United States led to the _______.

Answer 22

Westward expansion & Manifest Destiny

Question 23

Manifest Destiny

Answer 23

A calling from God for the U.S. to expand westward & spread their way of life.

Question 24

In order to complete their ______, the U.S. government forcibly ______ onto ______.

Answer 24

Expansion westward, moved indigenous people, & reservations.

Question 25

Pan-Slavism

Answer 25

Unite Slavic people under Russian authority, including those who lived under Ottoman/Austrian rule → campaigns to conquer neighboring territories.

Question 26

How did Japan expand its territories into Korea and China?

Answer 26

During the Meiji Restoration the Japanese government built thousands of miles of railroads & modernized their military.

Question 27

Causes of Colonial Resistance

Answer 27

1. Increasing questions about political authority thanks to the spread of Enlightenment ideas. 2. Growing sense of nationalism.

Question 28

Yaa Asantewaa War

Answer 28

Britain attempted to conquer the Asante Kingdom in order to expand their Gold Coast colony → used armed violence to resist British intrusion → British had superior weapons, leading to their victory.

Question 29

The Cherokee Nation responded to U.S. expansion through ______, however they faced ______ through ______, leading to the _______.

Answer 29

Assimilation, Indian Removal Act, & Trail of Tears.

Question 30

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in Southern Africa

Answer 30

Xhosa people slaughtered their cattle in hopes that their ancestors would drive European intruders from their land → famine.

Question 31

Contextualization for Economic Imperialism

Answer 31

The demand for raw materials & technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution allowed industrialized nations to exert control over other territories. This period saw the global expansion of capitalist economies, with industrial powers seeking to exploit resources and labor in less developed regions.

Question 32

Economic Imperialism

Answer 32

One state has economic power over another, without direct political domination.

Question 33

How did China's trade restrictions led the Opium Wars?

Answer 33

The Canton System restricted foreign trade to the Port of Canton → trade imbalances between China & Britain who imported large amounts of Chinese good. So Britain began exporting opium from India to China → widespread addiction & social disruption.

Question 34

The First Opium War (1839-1842)

Answer 34

Commissioner Lin Zexu attempted to suppress the opium trade leading to British military intervention.

Question 35

5 Impacts of the Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Answer 35

1. Ended the First Opium War. 2. First of unequal treaties between China & western powers. 3. Opened trade ports to British trade. 4. British gained control of Hong Kong. 5. China had to pay large amounts of money to cover the cost of the war & the opium destroyed.

Question 36

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Answer 36

Religious movement among ethnic Hans that sought to get rid of the foreign Machu rulers & establish a new social order based on Christianity → Qing Dynasty defeated Taiping forces, but was weakened.

Question 37

The Second Opium War (1856-1860)

Answer 37

Britain & France launched other campaigns to expand trading rights with China → China signed more unequal treaties & legalized opium trade.

Question 38

Spheres of Influence in China

Answer 38

Western powers and Japan carved out areas in China where they held special economic & political rights → foreign countries controlled trade, infrastructure, & resources with no interference from the Chinese government.

Question 39

Economic Imperialism in Argentina

Answer 39

Britain became Argentina's main economic partner, investing in infrastructure and key exports → Argentina became dependent on foreign investment, allowing Britain to control Argentina's economy & trade.

Question 40

Commodities

Answer 40

Raw materials used to manufacture consumer goods.

Question 41

Imperial powers reorganized the economies of _______ to focus on the exports of _______.

Answer 41

Colonies & Commodities

Question 42

Cotton in India & Egypt was _______ to _______, making their economies dependent on _______ for _______.

Answer 42

Exported, Britain, external demand, & raw materials.

Question 43

The increase in global population resulted in ______ from ______ to ______.

Answer 43

Migration, rural areas, & urban industrial cities.

Question 44

The Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

Answer 44

Disease destroyed to potato crop which was a staple food to Irish people → emigration to urban cities in the United States.

Question 45

What facilitated migration?

Answer 45

Development of new transportation technologies.

Question 46

New modes of cheap transportation like the ______ and ______ facilitated waves of ______.

Answer 46

Railroad, steamship & migration.

Question 47

Lebanese Diaspora

Answer 47

Thousands of lebanese merchants migrated to Argentina & Brazil for economic opportunities & religions freedom.

Question 48

Voluntary Migration

Answer 48

Most people migrated to find work → Irish, Italian & German immigrants relocated to urban centers on the east coast of America, while Chinese immigrants relocated to the west cost to find jobs in railroad construction.

Question 49

3 Types of Forced Migration

Answer 49

1. The Atlantic Slave Trade 2. Convict labor - Britain & France established penal colonies → isolated prisoners & made them work. 2. Indentured Servitude

Question 50

Indentured Servitude

Answer 50

Person is contracted to work for a certain number of years in order to repay a debt (the cost of passage). Ex. British government facilitated the migration of Indian indentured servants to the Caribbean, Africa, & Southeast Asia.

Question 51

Causes of Migration

Answer 51

1. Population Growth & Urbanization 2. Famine 3. New & Cheap Transportation Technologies 4. Unemployment

Question 52

Effects of Migration

Answer 52

1. Gender Imbalance 2. Ethnic Enclaves 3. Nativism

Question 53

How did migration cause gender imbalances in home societies?

Answer 53

Many migrants were men looking for employment in urban areas → women took on traditionally male roles. Family structures began to change → households in Africa were now led by women.

Question 54

Ethnic Enclave

Answer 54

Area where a specific ethnic group is concentrated, maintaining its cultural identity within a larger society.

Question 55

Impact of Ethnic Enclaves

Answer 55

1. Provided a sense of community & support for new immigrants. 2. Preserved cultures from the dominant society. 3. Cultural diffusion from immigrant groups into broader society.

Question 56

Nativism

Answer 56

Policy of protecting the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants → rooted in ethnic prejudice. Ex. marginalization of Irish people in the U.S.

Question 57

Some governments passed policies to _______ to their states.

Answer 57

Restrict Immigration

Question 58

Chinese Exclusion Ac

Answer 58

Caused by nativism & increased competition for jobs → banned the immigration of Chinese laborers from the U.S.

Question 59

White Australia Policy

Answer 59

British government implemented policies that aimed to restrict non-European immigration in order to keep Australia primarily British.