UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
DEFINITION
Psychology derived from the Greek words “Psyche” and “Logos” What does Psyche and Logos means
A
Psyche; Mind, Spirit or Soul
Logosl; Science, Study or Discipline
2
Q
DEFINITION
Pscyhology is the____ study of the ____ of individuals and their _______ _______
A
Pscyhology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes
3
Q
DEFINITION
Consists of a set of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems
A
Scientific Method
4
Q
DEFINITION
The means and actions by which organisms, including both animals and humans, adjust to their environment.
A
Behavior
5
Q
DEFINITION
- The private, internal workings of the human mind.
- These are internal subjective experiences inferred from behavior – the sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.
- Activity of organism that involves the mind like, cognition, memory, learning, problem solving etc.
A
Mental Processes
6
Q
DEFINITION
The word “Psychology” was coined by a German scientist, ____ in 1590.
A
The word “Psychology” was coined by a German scientist, Rudolph Gockel or Rudolf Goclenius in 1590.
7
Q
DEFINITION
Investigation of animal as well as human behavior on the assumption that:
A
- Information obtained from experiments with subhuman species could be generalized to human beings.
- Animal behavior was of interest in its own right.
8
Q
DEFINITION
He defined Psychology as the study of human beings– how they behave, how they feel, how they think, how they adjust or how they get along with one another and how they become the individuals that they are.
A
Silvermann
9
Q
As science, it dates back from about 1875, and Psychology as a science birth was set in 1879, through ____
A
Wilhelm Wundt
10
Q
This period is where the earliest foundations of Psychology were laid down.
A
Greek Period
11
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
Regarded as the Father of Psychology
A
Aristotle
12
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
According to him, Knowledge is not inborn: instead it is acquired through experiences.
A
Aristotle
13
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
He postulates that the mind at birth was a blank sheet (tabula rasa).
A
Aristotle
14
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
Distinguished 3 functions of the soul:
Vegetative (basic maintenance of life)
Appetitive (motives and desires)
Rational (governing functions)
A
Aristotle
15
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
Conceived the idea of the existence of the soul in the body, which is God-given.
A
Plato
16
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
Divided the human mind into three parts:
Rational (Reason and Intellect)
Will/Spirited
Appetitive
- Ideally, the will supports the rational element, which in turn controls the appetites.
- If the rational element is not developed, the individual behaves immorally (Immorality is the consequence of Ignorance).
A
Plato
17
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
Greek Physician (Father of Medicine)
A
Hippocrates
18
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
Held the belief that illness had a physical and rational explanation. He rejected the view that illnesses are caused by superstitions.
A
Hippocrates
19
Q
This is the period where the science of the mind and religion is used to explain the fate of man
A
Medieval Period
20
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
According to him, knowledge is acquired on account of divine illumination.
A
St. Augustine
21
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
His insightful descriptions of subjective events begin the tradition of: Introspection (process of mental self-analysis) and Phenomenology (study of subjective experience) in psychology.
A
St. Augustine
22
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
Believed that the human person is a soul-body unity.
A
St. Thomas Aquinas
23
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST
He combined the science of mind and religion to explain the idea of immortality.
A
St. Thomas Aquinas
24
Q
PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST
Founder of modern philosophy.
A
Rene Descartes
25
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Formulated the theory of **mind/body interaction.**
Rene Descartes
26
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events, this is called **Reflex Theory.**
Rene Descartes
27
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Introduced the idea that all experiences can be analyze.
John Locke
28
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
He **conceived the idea of tabula-rasa**, of which at birth the mind is like a blank sheet that gathers its contents from experiences throughout their lifetime.
John Locke
29
Beginning of experimental/scientific psychology
Beginning of Scientific Psychology (2nd Half of 19th Century)
30
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
He was considered as the **Father of Experimental Psychology.**
Wilhelm Wundt
31
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany.
Wilhelm Wundt
32
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
* Founded the discipline of Psychophysics, which is concerned with the measurement of psychological effects of sensation.
Gustav Fechner and Ernst Weber
33
Flourished of psychology in different parts of the world.
Psychology in Different Parts of the World (20th Century)
34
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Considered as the **Dean of American Psychologists**
William James
35
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
One of the founders of Functionalism
William James
36
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
He stressed the importance of observing and quantifying behavior.
William James
37
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Advocated the use of animals in psychological research
William James
38
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Pioneered in child study movement.
Stanley Hall
39
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
First person in the USA to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
Stanley Hall
40
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
First president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
Stanley Hall
41
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Coined the term **"adolescence"**.
Stanley Hall
42
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Developed the theory of **"Recapitulation"**: States that as people develop, they repeat behaviors of their evolutionary ancestors
Stanley Hall
43
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Father of Child Study Movement
Stanley Hall
44
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Developed intelligence tests for use in **America**
James McKeen Cattell
45
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
**Father of Modern Psychiatry**
Philippe Pinel
46
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Provided psychological interpretation of insanity
Philippe Pinel
47
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
Philippe Pinel
48
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
* Was the forerunner of the modern practice of hypnotism.
* **Developed hypnotism** for cure of behavior disorder
Franz Anton Mesmer
49
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Developed intelligence test to identify between mentally retarded children from normal ones.
Alfred Binet
50
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
He is the **Father of Intelligence Testing**
Alfred Binet
51
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Founded **Psychoanalysis**
Sigmund Freud
52
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Concluded that mental disorder might be caused purely by psychological factor rather than organic factors.
Sigmund Freud
53
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Proposed that dreams are the disguised expressions of unconscious wished.
Sigmund Freud
54
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
Emphasized libidinal (sex) urges of a person
Sigmund Freud
55
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
One of the best contemporary contributors to dream analysis and symbolization.
Carl Jung
56
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Develops his theory **"The Origin of Neurosis"**
Carl Jung
57
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Established **Analytic Psychology**
Carl Jung
58
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
German psychoanalyst who practiced in the United States during her career.
Karen Horney
59
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Neo-Freudian psychologist known for her theory of neurotic needs, her research on **feminine psychology,** and her critiques of Freud's emphasis on the concept of penis envy.
Karen Horney
60
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Proposed the concept of womb envy in which men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children
Karen Horney
61
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOGIST**
Founder of **Feminist Psychology**
Karen Horney
62
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
* Made the **theory of evolution** which established the continuity between man and animals.
* Made Comparative Psychology Important
Charles Darwin
63
# **PHILOSOPHER/PSYCHOLOGIST**
* Devised the earliest test to determine hereditary influences to intelligence.
* Devised a statistical technique **(Correlation)** to compare intelligence of parents to their offspring.
Sir Francis Galton
64
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* Was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who used controlled methods such as introspection, to **break down consciousness to its basic element without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.**
* Is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences
* In this technique, subjects were trained to observe and report as accurately as they could their mental processes, feelings and experiences.
Structuralism
65
The examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.
Introspection
66
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Findings/Results of their Study were:**
1. Mental States are responsible for man's behavior
2. Psychology is described as man and his experiences
3. There are 8 kinds of sensation: Visual; Auditory; Gustatory; Olfactory; Cutaneous (external sensation); Organic; Vestibular; Kinesthetic (internal sensation)
4. Complex experiences are made of elements such as images.
Structuralism
67
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* A general psychological approach that **views mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities.**
* Formed as a reaction to structuralism and was **introduced by William James** and was influenced by the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin..
* It sought to explain the **mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner**.
* **Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior, instead on the elements of consciousness**.
Functionalism
68
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Emphasizes the:**
* Causes and consequences of human behavior
* The union of the physiological with the psychological
* The need for objective testing of theories
* Applications of psychological knowledge to the solution of practical problems, the evolutionary continuity between animals and humans, and the improvement of human life.
Functionalism
69
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Findings/Results of their Study were:**
1. Learning is a means of man's adjustment to his surroundings.
2. Mental States influences man's behavior
3. Stimulus - response (SR) explains man's behavior.
Functionalism
70
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* Was **introduced in 1913 by John B. Watson**, an American psychologist.
* Believed that **observable behavior**, not inner experience, was the only reliable source of information.
* Studies only the **objective, observable facts** rather that subjective, qualitative processes, such as feelings, motives and consciousness.
* Reaction against the structuralists' emphasis on introspection
* Stressed the importance of the **environment in shaping an individual's behavior**.
* Connections between **observable behavior and external stimuli**
Behaviorism
71
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Finding/Results of their Study were:**
1. Behavior is explained in terms of reflex and conditioned reflex
2. Man's conduct is not due to consciousness but to stimulus.
3. Objective method not introspection should be used in overt behavior.
Behaviorism
72
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* Founded in **1912 by Max Wertheimer** a German Psychologist.
* Developed as a reaction against structuralism.
* Believes that human beings **perceives the external world as an organized pattern, not as an individual sensations.**
* **Human behavior should be studied as an organized pattern** rather than as a separate incidents of stimulus and response.
Gestalt Psychology
73
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Findings/Results of their study were:**
1. "The whole experience is more than the sum of its parts."
2. A change in any element changes the whole.
3. The mind functions as a whole unit.
Gestalt Psychology
74
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* Founded by the Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud in 1896 or the start of the 20th Century.
* Based on the theory that behavior is determined by powerful inner forces most of which are buried in the **Unconscious**.
* According to Psychologists of this field, from early childhood, people repress (force out of conscious awareness into the unconscious) any desires or needs that are unacceptable to themselves or society which can cause personality disturbances, self-destructive behavior, or even physical symptoms.
Psychoanalysis
75
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Findings/Results of their study were:**
1. **LIBIDO THEORY**: Sex urges are responsible for man's behavior.
2. Personality is a stronger force in determining human behavior (extroversion – introversion).
3. The unconscious attempt of an individual to overcome inferiority is a stronger driving force.
Psychoanalysis
76
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
* Contends that mental life is hormic or goal-seeking.
* William McDougall, maintains that the driving forces for consciousness are innate urges or tendencies, chief of which are the submissive and self-assertive tendencies.
Purposivism
77
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
**Findings/Results of their study were:**
1. Striving is the cause of all behavior
2. Ductless glands produce hormones in life.
3. Objects, movements and behavior have definite purposes.
Purposivism
78
# **SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Study how the human mind thinks, remembers and learns. They apply psychological science to understand how we make decisions and perceive our world.
Brain Science and Cognitive Psychology
79
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Psychologist uses science to improve the interaction of people with the world around us
Climate and Environmental Psychology
80
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Integrate the science of psychology with the treatment of complex human problems
Clinical Psychology
81
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan
Counselling Psychology
82
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Study how people grow and adapt over the course of their lives. They apply their research to help people overcome developmental challenges and reach their full potential
Developmental Psychology
83
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Use science to explore the processes behind human and animal behavior
Experimental Psychology
84
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Use psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety
Forensic and Public Service Psychology
85
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Use the science of psychology to promote health, prevent illness, and improve health care
Health Psychology
86
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Applies psychological science of human behavior to the products, systems and devices we use every day
Human Factors and Engineering Psychology
87
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Uses science to study human behavior in organizations and the workplace
Industrial and Organizational Psychology
88
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Apply psychological science to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students
Psychology of Teaching and Learning
89
# **SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY**
Study and develop the methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes.
Quantitative Psychology
