UNIY 7: LEARNING AND MEMORY

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Question 4

A Russian physiologist interested mainly in animal digestive processes.
He had dogs with special tubes surgically inserted into their throats to allow measurement of their salivation in response to being fed.

Answer 4

IVAN PAVLOV

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A bell was rung before immediately giving a dog a bit of food, causing it to salivate. After repeated runs, the dog began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

Answer 5

PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT

Question 6

The organism learns an association between two or more stimuli.
Uses Temporal Contiguity

Answer 6

Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Question 7

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 7

• UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS [UCS]
• UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE [UCR]
• CONDITIONED STIMULUS [CS]
• CONDITIONED RESPONSE [CR]

Question 8

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Stimulus that can provoke a response in its own - food.

Answer 8

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS [UCS]

Question 9

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Response in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus - salivation upon seeing food

Answer 9

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE [UCR]

Question 10

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Initially, a neutral stimulus doesn’t generate any significant response on its own except through association with an unconditioned stimulus - the sound of the bell.

Answer 10

CONDITIONED STIMULUS [CS]

Question 11

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Response after introducing the conditioned stimulus - salivating upon hearing the bell.

Answer 11

CONDITIONED RESPONSE [CR]

Question 12

As the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect.

Answer 12

B.F. Skinner

Question 13

Involves the learning of association between responses and consequences, in situation where behavior is voluntary.

Answer 13

Operant Conditionn

Question 14

Three types of Responses

Answer 14

• Neutral operants
• Reinforcers
• Punishers

Question 15

types of Responses

Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.

Answer 15

Neutral operants

Question 16

types of Responses

Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. can be either positive or negative.

Answer 16

Reinforcers

Question 17

types of Responses

Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Weakens behavior.

Answer 17

Punishers

Question 18

TWO MAIN TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

it strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant reinforcer.

Answer 18

Negative Reinforcement (Removing)

Question 19

TWO MAIN TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

it strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding.

Answer 19

Positive Reinforcement (Adding)

Question 20

TWO LEARNED RESPONSES ARE CALLED

termination of an unpleasant stimulus by engaging in a specific behavior

Answer 20

Escape learning

Question 21

TWO LEARNED RESPONSES ARE CALLED

acquiring the ability to prevent the occurrence of the oversized stimulus altogether.

Answer 21

Avoidance Learning

Question 22

defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it.

Answer 22

Punishment (weakens behavior)

Question 23

Problems with using punishment:

Answer 23

Suppressed behavior
Causes increased aggression
Creates fear that can lead to undesirable behavior
Does not necessarily guide you toward desired behavior

Question 24

developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that: “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.4

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