UNIT 3: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR

Question 1

Are the central building blocks of the nervous system, 100 billion strong at birth.

Answer 1

Neurons or Nerve Cells

Question 2

Is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

Answer 2

Neurons or Nerve Cells

Question 3

TYPES OF NEURONS

Carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 3

Sensory Neurons

Question 4

TYPES OF NEURONS

Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Answer 4

Motor Neurons

Question 5

TYPES OF NEURONS

The brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Answer 5

Interneurons

Question 6

STRUCTURE

• A neuron’s outer surface is made up of a ____.
• This structure allows smaller molecules and molecultes withouth electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

Answer 6

Semipermeable membrane

Question 7

PARTS OF A NEURON

Contains the nucleus of the neuron

Answer 7

Soma/Cell Body

Question 8

PARTS OF A NEURON

Cluster of fibers that extends from the soma

Answer 8

Dendrites

Question 9

PARTS OF A NEURON

Serves as an input sites where signals are received from other neurons

Answer 9

Dendrites

Question 10

PARTS OF A NEURON

A thin fiber that connects neurons

Answer 10

Axon

Question 11

PARTS OF A NEURON

This is where signal are transmitted electrically from soma to other neurons

Answer 11

Axon

Question 12

PARTS OF A NEURON

It ends in multiple terminal buttons

Answer 12

Axon

Question 13

PARTS OF A NEURON

Range in length from a fraction of an inch to several feet

Answer 13

Axon

Question 14

PARTS OF A NEURON

A productive coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

Answer 14

Myelin Sheath

Question 15

PARTS OF A NEURON

Acts as an insulator, increasing the speed at which the signal travels.

Answer 15

Myelin Sheath

Question 16

PARTS OF A NEURON

Crucial for the normal operation of the neurons.

Answer 16

Myelin Sheath

Question 17

PARTS OF A NEURON

• Contains synaptic vesicles (houses neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system).
• Found at the end of the axon

Answer 17

Axon Terminal

Question 18

Defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of generating this neural impulse; the property is called the excitability.

Answer 18

Action Potential

Question 19

Information moves along a neuron in the form of neural impulse called an?

Answer 19

Action Potential

Question 20

An electrochemical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon.

Answer 20

Action Potential

Question 21

• Happens when there are differences in the concentrations of the ions, inside and outside of the cell.
• -70 mV is present when neurons are at rest.

Answer 21

Resting Potential

Question 22

These are in-charge of letting in and out of ions.

Answer 22

Ion Channels

Question 23

Some channels only open at a certain voltage, there are referred to as?

Answer 23

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Question 24

What causes the Action Potential?

Answer 24

1. Caused by a stimulus with certain value expressed in millivolts (mV).
2. A stimulus must have a sufficient electrical value.

Question 25

# **TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI** Cannot cause an action potential.

Answer 25

Subthreshold Stimuli

Question 26

# **TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI** * Enough to produce an action potential. (Nerve Impulse) * Usually around -50 mV to -55 mV.

Answer 26

Threshold Stimuli

Question 27

# **TYPES OF THRESHOLDS OF STIMULI** Also produces an AP, but have higher strength than Threshold Stimuli.

Answer 27

Suprathreshold Stimuli

Question 28

# **PHASES OF A ACTION POTENTIAL** Is the initial increase of the membrane potential to the value of the threshold potential

Answer 28

Hypolarization

Question 29

# **PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL** The threshold potential opens voltage-gated sodium channels and causes a large influx of sodium ions.

Answer 29

Depolarization

Question 30

# **PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL** During this phase, the inside of the cell becomes more electropositive, until the potential gets closer the electrochemical equilibrium for sodium of 61+ mV.

Answer 30

Overshoot

Question 31

# **PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL** * The sodium permeability suddenly decreases due to the closing of its channels. * The overshoot value of the cell potential opens voltage-gated potassium channels, which causes a large potassium efflux, thus decreasing the cell's eletropositivity.

Answer 31

Repolarization

Question 32

# **PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL** * A state in which the membrane potential is more negative than the default membrane potential. * After that the membrane establishes again the values of membrane potential

Answer 32

Hyperpolarization

Question 33

* Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) * Includes the brain (the part of the nervous system that resides in the skull) and the spinal cord.

Answer 33

Nervous System

Question 34

Lies outside the brain and spinal cord

Answer 34

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 35

Peripheral Nervous System is Composed of ____ nerve pairs: nerves ____ emerging from the brain, and ____ nerves emerging from the spinal cord.

Answer 35

43 31 12

Question 36

Peripheral Nervous System has two types of neuron, namely ____ and ____

Answer 36

Sensory neurons (afferents) Motor neurons (efferent).

Question 37

Body's processing centre.

Answer 37

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 38

Made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 38

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 39

Controls most of the functions of the body, including: awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses — seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling

Answer 39

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 40

# **TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS** Detect sensations (e.g. heat, pain)

Answer 40

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

Question 41

# **TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS** Transmits messages towards the central nervous system

Answer 41

Sensory/Afferent Neurons

Question 42

# **TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS** Transmits messages away the central nervous system to the effector

Answer 42

Motor/Efferent Neurons

Question 43

# **TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS** Examples of effectors are muscles, skin, sense organs, etc.

Answer 43

Motor/Efferent Neurons

Question 44

# **TYPES OF NEURONS FOUND IN THE PNS** Divided into Somatic and Autonomic

Answer 44

Motor/Efferent Neurons

Question 45

# **TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS** Handles the voluntary movements of the body

Answer 45

Somatic

Question 46

# **TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS** Innervates the outer sections of the body (e.g. skin and skeletal muscles).

Answer 46

Somatic

Question 47

# **TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS** Handles the involuntary movements of the body

Answer 47

Autonomic

Question 48

# **TYPES OF MOTOR/EFFERENT NEURONS** Innervates the internal organs (responsible for the heart beating, breathing, and etc.)

Answer 48

Autonomic

Question 49

Complements the nervous system by regulating the body's internal environment through hormones, which are chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream. Each hormone affects specific target cell equipped with receptors for that hormone.

Answer 49

Endocrine System

Question 50

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Serves as the control center, regulating the pituitary gland and, through it other endocrines.

Answer 50

Hypothalamus

Question 51

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Located in the lower middle part of the brain

Answer 51

Hypothalamus

Question 52

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Lies below the hypothalamus

Answer 52

Pituatary Gland

Question 53

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Known as the "Master Gland" because it produces the most different hormones and controls the secretion activity of other endocrine glands.

Answer 53

Pituatary Gland

Question 54

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Secretes hormones that control growth, metabolism, and other glands.

Answer 54

Pituatary Gland

Question 55

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the body's sleeo-wake cycle

Answer 55

Pineal Gland

Question 56

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Regulates the level of sugar in the bloodstream by secreting insulin

Answer 56

Pancreas

Question 57

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Located in the neck

Answer 57

Thyroid

Question 58

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Regulates metabolism through the secretion of hormones

Answer 58

Thyroid

Question 59

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** Secrete hormones like adrenaline and cortisol to help the body manage stress and emergencies.

Answer 59

Adrenal Glands

Question 60

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** The outside part; Adrenal Cortex secretes hormones that regulate sugar and salt that keeps the body balanced and help resist stress. Also responsible for growth of pubic hair.

Answer 60

Adrenal Glands

Question 61

# **PARTS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND** The inside part; ____, secretes two hormones that arouse the body to deal with stress and emergencies: ____

Answer 61

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline).

Question 62

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** In Females, the ovaries produce hormones that regulate sexual development, ovulation, and growth of sex organs

Answer 62

Gonads

Question 63

# **PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** In Males, the testes produce hormones that regulate sexual development, production of sperm, and growth of sex organs.

Answer 63

Gonads