Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
Nature (heredity)
A
Biological factors in traits, personality, body type, and mental health
2
Q
Nurture (environmental factors)
A
The environmental factors that influence a person’s development and personality
3
Q
Natural Selection
A
A theory that explains how organisms change and adapt over time
4
Q
Eugenics
A
Study of how reproduction increases the occurrence of desirable traits
5
Q
Monozygotic twins
A
Single egg being fertilized and splitting
6
Q
Dizygotic twins
A
Two eggs being feritlized
7
Q
Central nervous system
A
Brain and spinal cord
8
Q
Peripheral Nervous system
A
All of the body except the brain and spinal cord
9
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
voluntary actions
10
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
Involuntary actions
11
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system
A
calms body, relax
12
Q
Sympathetic nervous system
A
fight or flight
13
Q
Neurons
A
Transmit information through electrical change
14
Q
Glial Cells
A
building blocks, provide structure, insulation
15
Q
Reflex arc
A
A natural pathway that controls a relfex
16
Q
Sensory neurons
A
Carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system
17
Q
Motor neurons
A
Carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands
18
Q
Interneurons
A
A neuron that forms a connection between other neurons
19
Q
All or nothing principle
A
A neuron will fire or not (no in between)
20
Q
Depolarization
A
Electrical change in charge of allowing a neuron to send a message
21
Q
Refractory period
A
Rest period, neurons can’t fire (too tired)
22
Q
Resting potential
A
The neuron is inactive but ready to fire
23
Q
Reuptake
A
recycling of the neurotransmitter
24
Q
Threshold
A
trigger point for the cell to fire
25
Multiple sclerosis
neurological disease, causes psychosocial problems such as muscle weakness, balance issues, vision problems, and dizzyness
26
Myasthenia gravis
Chronic autoimmune disease, causes mental health challenges
27
Neurotransmitters
chemical sent from one neuron to another
28
Excitatory
Increase likelihood of neuron firing
29
Inhibitory
Decrease likelihood of neuron firing
30
Dopamine
Influences rewards (addiction), voluntary movement, learning, attention, and emotion
31
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
32
Norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal
33
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
34
GABA
Inhibitory neurotransmitter; natural tranquilizer involved in calming you down
35
Endorphins
Influence the perception of pain and pleasure (runners high)
36
Substance p
Pain transmission
37
Acetylcholine
Enables muscle action, learning, and memory
38
Endocrine system
glands and organs that produce and release hormones
39
Pituitary gland
Controls the endocrine system
40
Hormones
Chemical messengers that can have a significant impact on behavior
41
Adrenaline
Prepares body for emergencies, enhances alertness, fight or flight
42
Leptin
Regulates energy and balance by inhibiting hunger
43
Ghrelin
Stimulates hunger to increase your food intake
44
Melatonin
Regulates the circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle
45
Oxytocin
Love hormone, social bonding hormone
46
Brain stem
Connects the brain to the spine
47
Medulla
Heart rate, Breathing, reflex
48
Reticular activating system
Alertness, Arousal
49
Cerebellum
Posture movement
50
Cerebral cortex
The outer layer of the brain, located on top of the cerebrum
51
Right hemisphere
Controls left side, creativity
52
Left hemisphere
Controls right side, 95% hold language center
53
Limbic system
group of brain structures that control emotions, behavior, cognitive process
54
Thalamus
Relay sensory information to other parts
*Not smell
55
Hypothalamus
Food, Thirst, Sex, Body Temp, Controls Pituitary gland
56
Hippocampus
Memories, conversation
57
Amygdala
Emotional responses, FEAR!!!!, Aggression
58
Corpus callosum
Axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
59
Occipital lobe
Sight
60
Temporal lobe
hearing language, wernicke's area
61
Parietal lobe
Process/organize information, somatosensory cortex
62
Somatosensory cortex
Sensing, Pressure, Pain, Warmth
63
Frontal lobe
Problem-solving, intelligence, Prefrontal cortex
64
Motor Cortex
Fine motor skills
65
Split brain
Cutting the corpus callosum, last resort for epilepsy
66
Broca's area
Speach production and articulation
67
Wernicke's area
speech comprehension
68
Aphasia
A condition where you lose the ability to use or comprehend words
69
Cortex specialization
different parts of the brain are responsible for different tasks and body parts
70
Contralateral hemispheric organization
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum and thalamus controls the opposite side of the body
71
Brain plasticity
Ability to rewire, modify, create new connections within the brain, especially when portions are removed
72
EEG
brain waves, electricity activity
73
fMRI
Uses MRI tech that measures blood flow
74
Lesioning
surgery damage
75
Consciousness
awareness of internal and external environment
76
Circadian rhythm
24-hour cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes
77
Jet-lag
circadian rhythm is messed up by time change
78
EEG patterns of sleep
different stages of sleep
79
NREM sleep
restful stage between periods of REM
80
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement, most vivid dreams occur
81
REM rebound
An experience of more than the average amount of REM sleep because of a previous lack
82
Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming
neurobiological theory that explains dreams as the cerebral cortex making sense of neural activity
83
Consolidation theory of dreaming
memory consolidation in the brain during sleep
84
Insomnia
Sleep disturbance, daytime fatigue, cognitive difficulties
85
Narcolepsy
Excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, cataplexy
86
REM sleep behavior disorder
Movement and vocalization during REM sleep
87
Sleep apnea
Stop breathing while asleep
88
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
88
Psychoactive drugs
substances that cause changes in the normal activities of the central nervous system
89
Agonist
mimic neurotransmitters
90
antagonist
block neurotransmitters
91
Reuptake Inhibitors
a type of drug that prevents the reabsorption of neurotransmitters at the synapse
92
Stimulants
Increase neural activity
93
Caffeine
Stimulant-most common addiction
94
Cocaine
Stimulant
95
Depressants
decrease neural activity
96
Alcohol
depressant
97
Hallucinogens
distortions in percepiton and cognative funtion
98
Marijuana
Hallucinogen - calms, slows
99
Psychological addictions
When the brain thinks it needs a drug
100
Physical addiction
When the body needs the drug to function properly
101
Tolerance
The body gets used to a substance and is less affected. The body requires more of the substance to feel a result.
102
Withdraw
A substance is taken away and the body/mind can't function properly
103
Sensation
Sensory organs convert physical energy for the brain to interpret sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing
104
Absolute threshold
minimal energy required for a stimulus to be detected
105
Just-noticeable difference
the smallest change needed to be perceptible
106
Sensory adaptation
senses adjust to stimuli, becoming less sensitive
107
Weber's law
JND principle
108
Sensory interaction
process of five senses working together
109
Synesthesia
multiple unrelated senses, experience senses simultaniously
110
Transduction
the process of converting environmental stimuli (like light, sound, or touch) into neural signals that the brain can interpret
111
Retina
light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of the eye
112
Blind spot
where the optic nerve connects
113
Optic nerve
Connects from the retina to the brain
114
Lens
A clear curved structure that focuses light onto the retina
115
Accommodation (eye)
Eye's ability to focus on objects at different distances
116
Nearsightedness
distant objects are blurry
117
Farsightedness
close objects are blurry
118
Photoreceptor cells
neurons that convert light into electrical and chemical signals
119
Rods
Photoreceptor cells for low-light and night vision
120
Dark adaptation
process of recovery from exposure to bright light
121
Trichromatic theory
color vision is based on the activity of three types of cone cells in the retina, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light corresponding to red, green, and blue
122
Opponent-process theory
red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white, meaning that when one color in a pair is stimulated, the other is inhibited, which helps EXPLAIN phenomena like AFTERIMAGES
123
Fovea
small region in teh retina for sharp central vision
124
Cones
Photoreceptors cells that show colors and fine details
125
Afterimage
visual illusion when you stare at something then suddenly look away
126
Ganglion cells
carry visual information from the retina to the brain
127
Color vision deficiency
Color blindness
128
Dichromatism
Color blindness, two colors
129
Monochromatism
complete loss of color (black, grey, white)
130
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness- difficulty perceiving/organizing faces
131
Blindsight
Detect visual information in a blind region
132
Wavelengths
Pitch-audible sounds
133
Amplitudes
loudness- height of waves = volume
134
Place theory
explains how vibrations in the basilar membrane
135
Basilar membrane
a thin, flexible tissue located within the cochlea of the inner ear that vibrates in response to sound waves, stimulating hair cells
136
Volley theory
A group of neurons responded to sound by firing a greater frequency to the brain
137
Requency theory
sound is replicated to match the nerve impulse
138
Sound localization
ability to identify the localization of a sound source in a sound field
139
Conduction deafness
sound waves are blocked from reaching the inner ear
140
Sensorineural deafness
inner ear or the nerve pathways to the brain are damaged
141
Olfactory
sense of smell
142
Pheromones in olfactory system
chemical signals that are detected by the olfactory system and play a role in reproductive behaviors
143
sense of taste
144
Types of taste (6)
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami(slavery/meaty), oleogustus(fat)
145
How taste receptors operate
Cellular receptors that allow us to taste by detecting chemical substances in food and another substance that enter the mouth
146
Supertasters
More tastebudes 35-60
147
Medium tasters
15-35 tastebuds
148
nontasters
0-15
149
Gate control theory
some pain has higher authority than others
150
Phantom limb
the brain creates phantom feelings after a limb is removed
151
Vestibular sense
Controls balance, semicircular canals, and cerebellum (in the ear)
152
Semicircular canals
Three fluid tubes in the inner ear
153
Kinesthesis
sense of individual body parts, receptors in the muscle tissues, and joints
