Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Perception
A
How we interpret the information around us
2
Q
Bottom-up processing
A
build upon small sensory units
3
Q
Top-down processing
A
build upon what we already know
4
Q
Schemas
A
How do we organize or create information
5
Q
Gestalt Psychology
A
How people perceive the world around them as a whole
6
Q
CLosure
A
Brain activity fills in missing information to perceive a complete object, even when parts of it are obscure or missing
7
Q
Figure and ground
A
the brain automatically separates a focused object from its background
8
Q
Proximity
A
objects that are physically close to each other are perceived as belonging in a group
9
Q
Similarity
A
connects two senses that are similar
10
Q
Selective attention
A
raw sensory data is interpreted and organized into meaningful experiences
11
Q
Cocktail party effect
A
Someone says your name, your attention goes straight to that conversation instead of your own
12
Q
Inattentional blindness
A
Don’t realise changes
13
Q
Change blindness
A
Changes happen in front of us but we don’t notice unless told
14
Q
Binocular depth cues
A
two eyes
15
Q
Retinal disparity
A
Retinal differences in the right and left eye
16
Q
Convergence
A
merging retinas, cross-eyes
17
Q
Monocular depth cues
A
one eye
18
Q
Relative depth cues
A
depth perception cue where objects that appear sharp and clear are perceived as being closer than objects that appear hazy
19
Q
Relative size
A
objects far away are smaller than objects that are near
20
Q
Texture gradient
A
depth perception dictates if a texture is coarse, distinct, fine, etc.
21
Q
Linear perspective
A
parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance
22
Q
Interposition
A
one object blocks another showing depth
23
Q
Size constancy
A
objects have a consistent size even with distance
24
Q
Shape constancy
A
objects have consistent shapes even with distance
25
Brightness/color constancy
color is constant even with different light variation
26
Stroboscopic effect
continuous motion is represented by scenes of short samples
27
Phi phenomenon
series of still images in rapid succession create the illusion of the pictures moving
28
Concepts
generalized idea
29
Prototypes
ideal model for the concept
30
Assimilation
using existing schema
31
Accommodation
changing schema
32
Algorithms
a methodical, step-by-step procedure or set of rules that guarantees the correct solution to a problem by considering all possible options
33
Heuristics
mental shortcut
34
Representativeness heuristic
judge the likelihood of something based on the prototype
35
Abailability heuristic
how easy it is to bring something to mind
36
Mental set
the tendency to approach a problem using the same strategy that has worked in the past, even when a different approach might be more effective
37
Priming
activation, often unconscious, of particular association in memory
38
Framing
presentation of information/wording can influence memory (15mph vs 55mph)
39
Gambler's fallacy
belief that the odds have increased because an even hasn't changed yet
40
Sunk-cost fallacy
follow through with something, even when you shouldn't because of your prior commitment to it (you hate your career choice but you have already invested in three years of college)
41
Executive functions
ability to think critically, plan ahead, control impulses
42
Creativity
ability to create novel and valuable ideas
43
Divergent thinking
many solutions, creative
44
Convergent thinking
only one solution
45
Functional fixedness
stuck on one solution
46
Encoding
take in information
47
Storing
inactive memories
48
Retrieving
finding memories
49
Explicit memory
facts and experiences
50
Episodic memory
personal experiences
51
Semantic memory
knowledge
52
Implicit memory
memory we do not know exists
53
Procedural memory
Ex. Typing
54
Prospective memory
remember to perform a planned action or intention at a specific time in the future
55
Long-term potentiation
strengthening of neurons through activation
56
Working memory
conscious, active processing from auditory
57
Phonological loop
auditory information
58
Visuospatial sketchpad
visual information
59
Multi-store model
human memory consists of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
60
Sensory memory
memory encodes sensory information
61
Iconic memory
visual sensory memory
62
Echoic memory
auditory sensory memories
63
Short term memory
small amount of information for brief period
64
Long term memory
fully encoded memories
65
Automatic processing
Unconscious effort (implicit)
66
Effortful processing
attention/conscious effort (explicit)
67
Shallow processing
Basic level
68
Deep processing
connect to prior information
69
Structural
Shallow level of information processing
70
Phonemic
ability to remember information based on how it sounds, specifically the sounds of words
71
Semantic
stores general knowledge and facts about the world, like the definition of words, concepts, and historical events, essentially encompassing a person's accumulated knowledge not tied to specific personal experiences or timeframes
72
Mnemonic devices
memory strategies
73
Method of loci
memory strategy that uses familiar spacial areas to remember information
74
Chunking
grouping
75
Categories (mnemonic device)
sensation, organization, cognition, intelligence, affection, learning
76
Hierarchies (mnemonic device)
Please, Stop, Eating, Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization
77
Spacing effect
studying crates better memories longterm
78
Massed practice
studying all at once
79
Distributed practice
Studying overtime
80
Serial position effect
Beginning and end will be remembered the best
81
Primacy effect
People remember the beginning of a list the best
82
Recency effect
people tend to remember the last information the best
83
Maintenance rehearsal
Repetition to enhance memory
84
Elaborative rehearsal
Connect new information to existing information creating associations
85
Autobiographical memory
a memory system that stores personal experiences and facts from an individual's life
86
Hyperthymesia
Superior autobiographical memory
87
Amneisa
Loss of memory
88
Retrograde amnesia
When someone forgets the memories BEFORE their accident
89
Anterograde amnesia
When someone can not make new memories
90
Alzheimer's disease
Brain disorder that gradually destroys memories and thinking skill cause by a LACK OF ACETYLCHOLINE
91
Infantile amnesia
Adults can not have memories before three years old because of infantile amnesia
92
Recall
Remember information without prompts (Essays)
93
Recognition
Remember information with prompts (Multiple choice questions)
94
Context-dependent memory
Memory recall connected to the ENVIRONMENT
95
Mood-congruent memory
Memory recall is connected to the emotional state
96
State-dependent memory
Memory recall is connected to physical state
97
Testing effect
Using self-testing to simulate the actual test. This takes advantage of Context-dependent and Mood-congruent memory
98
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought process
99
Forgetting curve
Occurs rapidly after initial learning and levels lead to zero over time
100
Encoding failure
When memories do not move from short-term to long-term memories. Often happens when a person is not paying attention.
101
Proactive interference
Old memories interfere with new memories
102
Retroactive interference
New memories interfere with the recall of old memories
103
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
When someone knows that they know the information but is helpless to recall the information from long-term memory
104
Repression
Memories that are subconsciously forgotten, often due to trauma
105
Misinformation effect
When a person's memory of an event becomes less accurate due to misleading information that is encountered after the event
106
Source amnesia
Information is known, but the source of the information has been forgotten
107
Constructive memory
the brain creates memories and updates them based on new experiences (people never look younger in your memories, they look like they look now)
108
Memory consolidation
stabilizing and strengthening a new memory trace into a long-term memory
109
Imaginaiton inflation
When someone becomes more confident that an event happened after imagining it, even though it didn't happen
110
Intelligence
Ability to learn from experiences, solve problems, and use knowledge in new situations
111
General Ability
overall intelligence is a compilation of specific abilities
112
Multiple intelligences
intelligence is not a single entity (social intelligence, emotional intelligence, etc.)
113
Intelligence quotient (IQ) formula
Mental age / chronological age X 100
114
Psychometric principles
Fundamental guidelines used to ensure the quality of tests
115
Standardized test
uniform testing procedure, compare groups
116
Validity
accuracy
117
Construct validity
the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what it's supposed to
118
Predictive validity
the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome
119
Reliability
Consistency
120
Test-retest reliability
the same test will give the same result
121
Split-half reliability
a method of assessing a test's internal consistency by dividing the test into two equal halves and comparing the scores from each half to see if the produce similar results
122
Stereotype threat
Fall into the trap of a stereotype
123
Stereotype lift
preform better because of a stereotype
124
Flynn effect
IQ increases on average of 3 points every decade (currently decreasing)
125
Achievement tests
tests what someone knows
126
Aptitude tests
tests someones future preformance
127
Fixed mindset
stuck in failure
128
growth mindset
use failure to grow
