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Psych > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Free association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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1
Q

Personality

A

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

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3
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

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4
Q

Preconscious area

A

In this area thoughts can be received into conscious awareness

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5
Q

Manifest content

A

The remembered context of dreams

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6
Q

Latent content

A

Dreamers unconscious wishes

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7
Q

Id

A

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Ex: newborn infant crying out for immediate satisfaction

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8
Q

Ego

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the Ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

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9
Q

Superego

A

Around age 4 or 5, the ego recognizes the demands of the superego. The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and future aspirations.

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10
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the Ids pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

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11
Q

Oral

A

(0-18) months

Pleasure focuses on mouth (sucking, chewing, biting)

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12
Q

Anal

A

(18-36) months

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination and coping with demands for control

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13
Q

Phallic

A

(3-6) years

Pleasure zone is genitals (coping with incestuous sexual feelings)

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14
Q

Latency

A

(6-puberty)

Dormant sexual feelings

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15
Q

Genital

A

(Puberty on)

Maturation of sexual interests

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16
Q

Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (phallic stage)

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17
Q

Electra complex

A

Girl version of the Oedipus complex

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18
Q

Identification

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos (gender identity-our sense of being male or female)

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19
Q

Fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

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20
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

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21
Q

Repression (1)

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic DM that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Ex: someone who suffered abuse as a child may later for some unknown reason have trouble forming relationships

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22
Q

Regression (2)

A

Psychoanalytic DM in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Ex: when getting upsetting news one may become orally fixated and begin eating excessively

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23
Q

Reaction formation (3)

A

Psychoanalytic DM by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

Ex: being really friendly to someone you hate

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24
Projection (4)
Psychoanalytic DM by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Ex: if you have a strong dislike for someone you may come to think that they don't like you
25
Rationalization (5)
Psychoanalytic DM that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions. Ex:student blames bad test grade in teacher rather than lack of studying
26
Displacement (6)
Psychoanalytic DM that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger towards a safer outlet Ex: being frustrated with your boss and taking it out on your spouse
27
Sublimation (7)
Psychoanalytic DM by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities Ex: someone dealing with anger might take up kick-boxing
28
Denial (8)
Psychoanalytic DM by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities Ex: being addicted to alcohol but refusing to admit you have a problem
29
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
30
Projective tests
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
31
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
32
Rorschach inkblot test
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
33
False consensus effect
Freud's projection of the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
34
Terror-management theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores peoples emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
35
Self-actualization
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved, the motivation to fill ones potential
36
Unconditional positive regard
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
37
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am I?" If negative then we fall short of our ideal self
38
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
39
Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)
Taken by many people for counseling, leadership training, and work team development
40
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence (statistically correlated cluster of behaviors reflect basic factor or trait)
41
Personality inventory
A questionnaire (often with true or false or agree disagree questions) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
42
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes
43
Empirically derived tests
A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
44
Big five (conscientiousness)
Organized or disorganized Careful or careless Disciplined or impulsive
45
Big five (agreeableness)
Softhearted or ruthless Trusting or suspicious Helpful or uncooperative
46
``` Big five (neuroticism) Emotional stability vs emotional instability ```
Calm or anxious Secure or insecure Self-satisfied or self-pitying
47
Big five (openness)
Imaginative or practical Pref for variety of pref for routine Independent or conforming
48
Big five (extraversion)
Sociable or retiring Fun loving or sober Affectionate or reserved
49
Person-situation controversy
Look for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations
50
Social-cognitive perspective
Views behavior as influenced by interactions between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Focuses on how we and our environment interact
51
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment --> personalities shaped by interaction of our personal traits (thoughts and feelings) environment an behaviors
52
Personal control
The extent to which a people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
53
External locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
54
Internal locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate
55
Self-control
The ability to control impulses and to delay gratification | It requires attention, energy, and willpower
56
Tyranny of choice
Information overload
57
Positive psychology
The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
58
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
59
Possible selves
Visions of the self you dream of becoming (rich self) and the self you fear of becoming (the lonely self)
60
Spotlight effect
Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
61
Self esteem
Ones feelings of hight or low self worth
62
Self-serving bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
63
Defensive self esteem
Fragile and focuses on sustaining itself (failures=threatening) and correlates with aggression and antisocial behavior
64
Secure self esteem
Less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations
65
Individualism
Giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
66
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly

Psych (7 decks)

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