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Unit 9-Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

About 10 days after conception, the zygote attaches to the mothers uterine wall

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
2-8 weeks

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3
Q

Fetus

A

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Placenta

A

Formed as zygotes outer cells attached to the uterine wall, transfers nutrients and oxygen to fetus, helps screen out potentially harmful substances

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions (lifelong brain abnormalities)

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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8
Q

Novelty-preference procedure

A

Ask 4 month olds how they recognize cats and dogs (they focus on the face)

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9
Q

Pruning process

A

Occurs around the time of puberty, excess fiber pathway connections are shut down and others that are used are strengthened

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10
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience (experience adjusts development)

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11
Q

Back-to-sleep position

A

Putting babies to sleep on their back reduces risk of smothering crib death

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12
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Earliest memories rarely before 3 years old (average is 3.5 years old)

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13
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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14
Q

Schemas

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets info (ex: cat, love)

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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17
Q

Piaget’s four stages

A

Cognitive development

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18
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

First stage in piaget’s theory, from birth to two years during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (looking, hearing, touching)

  • object permanence
  • stranger anxiety
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19
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (8 months)

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20
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

2nd stage in piaget’s theory, from two to six or seven, during which a child learns to use language, but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

  • pretend play
  • egocentrism
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21
Q

Conservatism

A

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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22
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the pre-operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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23
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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Concrete operational stage
3rd stage in Piaget's theory, from seven to eleven, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (concrete analogies and arithmetical operations) - conservatism - mathematical transformations
25
Formal operational stage
4th stage in Piaget's theory, from twelve to adulthood, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (hypothetical) - abstract logic - potential for mature moral reasoning
26
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind (have trouble reflecting on their own mental states-not using personal pronouns)
27
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's idea of zone between what a child could learn with and without help
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Stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 months
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Attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation (infant-parent bond)
30
Critical period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life - children do not imprint , they have a sensitive period where they form attachments
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Secure attachment
In mother's presence they are happy and when placed in an strange environment they become distressed and seek comfort from parent, but they are able to separate from parents and can be comforted by others
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Insecure attachment
Cling to mother, don't explore, and cry when she leaves until she reruns- as a result of an insensitive and unresponsive mother
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Temperament
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (tend to persist in life) - heredity predisposes temperament
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Maternal deprivation
Infants who lack a caring mother are said to suffer from this
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father absence
Infants who lack a caring father
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Basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
38
Self-concept
Our understanding and evaluation of who we are (self esteem is how they feel about that)
39
Authoritarian parenting styles
Parents impose rules and expect obedience
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Permissive parenting style
Parents submit to their children's desires-few demands, and little punishment
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Authoritative parenting style
Parents are demanding and responsive, they set rules and enforce then, but also explain reasons for rules- they encourage open discussion if rules and allow exceptions - this type of parenting leads to high self esteem and social competence
42
Gender
In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
43
Aggression
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone- men are generally more physically aggressive
44
Relational aggression
Excluding someone- verbally
45
Male answer syndrome
When asked difficult questions, men are more likely to hazard answers rather than admit that they don't know
46
X chromosome
The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child
47
Y chromosome
The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child
48
Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulated the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty
49
Role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
50
Gender roles
A set of expected behaviors for males and for females | - smooth social relations , but we feel anxious if we deviate from them
51
Gender identity
Our sense of being male or female
52
Gender typing
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role (boys exhibit traditional masculine traits and interests)
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Social learning theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
54
Parent- blaming
Revel in children's successes and and feel guilt or shame over their failures
55
Selection effect
Peer similarity may be a result of this as kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests
56
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
57
Puberty
The first stage of adolescence, the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing (11 in girls, 13 in boys)
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Primary sex characteristics
The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
59
Secondary sex characteristics
Non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
60
Menarche
The first menstrual period, when prepared for it, girls see it as a positive transition
61
Spermarche
The first ejaculation in boys (nocturnal emission)
62
Preconventional morality
Morality focuses on self-interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or receive award
63
Conventional morality
Morality focuses on caring for others, upholding laws and rules
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Post conventional morality
Actions are judged right because they flow from people's rights or are self-defined (not found in collectivist societies)
65
Social institutionist
Account of morality, moral feelings precede moral reasoning
66
Search for identity
What values should I live by? Who am I? What do I believe in?
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Erikson's 1st stage of psychosocial development (infancy to 1 year)
Trust vs. mistrust | If needs are dependably met, infants develop sense of basic trust
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Erikson's 2nd stage | Toddlerhood (1-3)
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt | Learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
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Erikson's 3rd stage | Preschool (3-6)
Initiative vs. guilt | Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or feel guilty about independence
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Erikson's 4th stage | Elementary (6-puberty)
Industry vs. inferiority | Learn pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
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Erikson's 5th stage | Adolescence (teens-20s)
Identity vs. role confusion | Work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form identity, or they become confused
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``` Erikson's 6th stage Young adult (20-40) ```
Intimacy vs. isolation | Struggle to form close relationships and gain capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
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``` Erikson's 7th stage Middle adult (40-60) ```
Generativity vs. stagnation | People discover sense of contributing to the world, usually through family or, or lack of purpose
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``` Erikson's 8th stage Late adult (60+) ```
Integrity vs. despair | Reflecting on his or her life, may feel satisfaction or failure
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Identity
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
76
Social identity
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" That comes from our group memberships
77
Intimacy
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
78
Emerging adulthood
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood (still relatively dependent on parents financially and emotionally)
79
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines (around age 50), expectations effect the emotional impact of it
80
Death-deferral phenomenon
People tend to die after major holidays and events rather than before or on the day of
81
Dementia
Mental erosion caused by age, brain tumor, small strokes, or alcohol dependence
82
Alzheimer's disease
Strikes 3% by age 75 First memory deteriorates then reasoning (loss of smell is a sign) Loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine
83
Prospective memory
Remember to... Remains strong when events help trigger memories, but time based tasks are hard and habitual tasks (taking medication) are especially challenging
84
Cross-sectional study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
85
Longitudinal study
Research in which the same people are re-studied and retested over a long period
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Crystallized intelligence
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
87
Fluid intelligence
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
88
Social clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Psych (7 decks)

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