Unit 12 Test Flashcards
To win.
1
Q
- How are minerals carried to the cells?
A
through the blood plasma
2
Q
- What proteins are found in the plasma?
A
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
3
Q
- Why is the blood protein globulin important to your health?
A
it assists formation of antibodies
4
Q
- Which blood cell is the most abundant in the blood?
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
- Where are red blood cells formed?
A
red bone marrow
6
Q
- Describe leucocytes in detail.
A
- Larger than rbc
- have nuclei
- less in number than rbcs
7
Q
- Where are antibodies found?
A
in blood plasma
8
Q
- Persons with type AB blood produce what kind of antibodies?
A
none
9
Q
- When testing for blood types, different bloods are considered incompatible if the red blood cells do what?
A
agglutinate
10
Q
- What is the phenotypic expression of the blood type with the following genetic expression: ii?
A
Type O
11
Q
- Complications in the birth of a third child to an Rh-negative mother are most likely to occur when the child
A
- Rh+
- the previous children must have also been +
12
Q
- Describe the signs of an infection in the tissues.
A
Rise in number of white blood cells
13
Q
- Which of the blood clot-related chemicals is not found in the blood plasma until a clot is forming?
A
thrombin
14
Q
- The blood component necessary for the formation of clots is what?
A
platelets
15
Q
- If, in a certain heartbeat, the blood flowed not only from the ventricles to the lungs and body but also from the ventricles into the atria, a doctor might suspect what problem?
A
the cuspid valves aren’t working
16
Q
- When does a coronary thrombosis occur?
A
Coronary artery is blocked and blood cannot flow to the heart
17
Q
- What is the muscular partition which divides the heart into right and left sides?
A
the septum
18
Q
- Name the fibrous sac which encloses the heart.
A
pericardium
19
Q
- What tissue lines the heart?
A
endocardium
20
Q
- Explain the timing of the contractions of the heart and what happens with the valves within the heart.
A
Timed so that the atria contract to fill the resting ventricles
21
Q
- Where does the stimulus for a normal heartbeat begin?
A
the sinoatrial node
22
Q
- Define systole and diastole.
A
- systole - contraction of heart muscle
- diastole - relaxing and filling with blood
23
Q
- What does an ECG (or EKG) measure?
A
the electrical activity of the heart’s conduction system
24
Q
- When the atria are in systole, what happens to the AV valves?
A
they open
25
25. What is the normal adult heartbeat rate?
around 70 bpm
26
26. Blood is carried toward the heart by what structures?
veins
27
27. Where does the diffusion of glucose, waste products, and oxygen occur?
capillaries
28
28. Name the functional units of the circulatory system.
capillaries
29
29. Name the blood vessel of the medial surface of the upper arm where blood pressure is usually measured.
brachial artery
30
30. Where are valves found in the circulatory system?
the heart, veins, lymphatic vessels
31
31. Deoxygenated blood flows through the arteries involved in what?
pulmonary circulation
32
32. The movement of oxygen and food out of the blood and carbon dioxide and wastes into the blood takes place in the capillaries of the which system?
systemic
33
33. What is the function of the hepatic artery?
supplies oxygenated blood to the liver
34
34. The blood is filtered, removing wastes, during which circulation process?
renal circulation
35
35. Urine of a healthy person is made up of which components?
95% water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia
36
36. How is lymph forced through lymph vessels?
(Skeletal) muscle action
37
37. Name the lymphatic organs.
tonsils, thymus gland, spleen
38
38. Where does lymph originates from?
fluid surrounding the cells
39
39. Define edema.
Body tissues are swollen with excess fluid
40
40. Name the tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urethra
41
41. Foreign proteins that set off a defense reaction in the host are known as what?
antigens
42
42. The ability of the body to resist an infectious disease is called what?
immunity
43
43. Name the functions of the human immune system.
search for, recognize, and destroy antigens
44
44. What is humoral immunity?
involves antigens and antibodies
45
45. What is involved in immunity to a pathogen?
antibodies, T cells, macrophages, antigens
46
46. What is cell-mediated immunity?
killed T cells, memory T cells, macrophages eat up afterwards
47
47. What is AIDS?
- an immunodeficiency disease caused by the HIV virus
| - destroys human immune system
48
48. Describe the structure of the nephron in detail.
- Glomerulus, Bowman capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle (descending limb, ascending limb), distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule
- Micro tubules, part of it in cortex and part in medulla of kidney
49
49. What makes up plasma?
90% water, proteins, minerals, vitamins, hormones, waste substances, dissolved gases, nutrients
50
50. Name the five kinds of blood vessels.
arteries, capillaries, arterioles, veins, venuoles
51
51. Name the specific tissue from which all blood cells come from.
red bone marrow
52
52. What cell breaks up to form platelets?
Megakaryocyte
53
53. Name the five types of leukocytes and describe their function.
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
54
54. Describe the genotypes and phenotypes and antibodies associated with the ABO system.
```
Phenotype: Type A
--Genotypes: IᵃIᵃ, Iᵃi
--Antibodies: anti-B
Phenotype: Type B
--Genotypes: IᵇIᵇ, Iᵇi
--Antibodies: anti-A
Phenotype: Type O
--Genotype: ii
--Antibodies: anti-A, anti-B
Phenotype: Type AB
--Genotype: IᵃIᵇ
--Antibodies: none
```
55
55. A spot on the retina known for its high concentration of cones is the
fovea
56
56. A disease, characterized by patches of hardened brain tissue, which often results in paralysis and jerking muscle contractions is
multiple sclerosis
57
57. A reduction in the body's processes that control blood volume and pressure causing a sudden reduction in blood pressure is
shock
58
58. A feeling of pain in your left shoulder and arm during a time of heart problems (for example, a heart attack) would be an example of
referred pain
59
59. A neuron that carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to a muscle or gland is a/an
motor neuron
60
60. A faster breathing rate would be caused when one stimulates the
sympathetic nervous system
61
61. Accommodation occurs when
sensory receptors become insensitive to stimuli
62
62. Astigmatism involves
the cornea or the lens are unequally curved
63
63. Color vision depends upon the
cones
64
64. Give examples of cutaneous sensations.
heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain
65
65. If, following a head injury, a person exhibited an inability to reason and memorize, a doctor would probably suspect damage to the
frontal lobe
66
66. If you suffer from motion sickness, your condition may be traced to the
inner ear
67
67. Impulses are carried toward the nerve cell bodies by fibers called
dendrites
68
68. Myelin sheaths are
Lipid layers that insulate axons and increase the rate of the transmission of nerve impulses
69
69. Name all of the functions of the glial cells.
to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy and remove the carcasses of dead neurons
70
70. Olfactory nerve endings are associated with
smell
71
71. Special sense organs in the skin are called
cutaneous receptors
72
72. The hindbrain is made up of the
the pons, cerebellum, and medulla
73
73. The cerebral cortex controls
All conscious actions
74
74. The hearing apparatus in the inner ear is the
cochlea
75
75. The nucleus of a neuron is located in the
cell body
76
76. The clear liquid that flows through the spaces between two membranes of the brain is the
cerebral spinal fluid
77
77. The least complex type of nervous reaction is the
Simple reflex
78
78. The proper sequence of structures as they are stimulated in a reflex arc is
(KNOW ORDER)
receptor, sensory neuron dendrite, sensory neuron cell body, sensory region axon, synapse of sensory and interneuron, interneuron cell body, interneuron axon, synapse interneuron to motor neuron, motor neuron axon, effector
79
79. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are bones that
transfer vibrations through the middle ear to the oval window
80
80. The middle ear is connected to the pharynx by the
Eustachian tube
81
81. The proper sequence of structures from the outside to the inside of the ear is
(KNOW ORDER)
auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, cochlea
82
82. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
83
83. The brain and spinal cord make up the
Central nervous system
84
84. The area between two neurons is called the
synapse
85
85. The semicircular canals function in
equilibrium
86
86. The colored portion of the choroid layers of the eye is the
iris
87
87. The lacrimal gland makes
tears
88
88. The fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens is the
aqueous humor
89
89. Visual accommodation of the eye is
the ability to focus on objects at different distances from the eye (near and far)
90
90. What are cataracts?
a medical condition in the which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque/cloudy, resulting in blurred vision
91
91. What is the sclera?
the outer layer/"white" of the eye
92
92. What are neurons composed of?
cell body, dendrite, and axon
93
93. What makes up the inner ear?
semicircular canal, cochlea, utricle
94
94. When a neuron is not carrying an impulse, it is
polarized
95
95. Within the ear, static equilibrium is sensed by the
utricle and saccule
96
96. What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe of cerebrum, temporal lobe of the cerebrum, parietal lobe, of the cerebrum, cerebellum, occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
- frontal - reasoning, planning, memorizing
- parietal - sensations (pain, pressure, touch, temperature
- occipital - vision, memory
- temporal - hearing and smell
- cerebellum - coordination
97
97. Using the diagrams of the brain, ear, and eye, correctly identify all the structures.
know diagrams
