UNIT 1.3 Structural and Functional Organization of the Body Flashcards
1
Q
DESCRIBE the structural and functional organization of the cells of the human body
A
2
Q
NAME the three main parts of a cell
A
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
3
Q
DEFINE the function of the plasma membrane
A
- Flexible, sturdy barrier of mostly lipids and proteins
4
Q
DEFINE the functions of the nucleus
A
- spherical oval structure most prominent feature of a cell
- contain most of cells hereditary units
5
Q
DEFINE how cells differ in size and shape
A
200 types of cells various shapes tail (flagellum) disc shape long spindle shape can contain microvilli have long extensions
6
Q
Cell biology
A
- study of cellular structure and function
7
Q
cell
A
living structural and functional unit of the body
8
Q
Plasma membrane
A
- forms flexible outer surface; separating outside from inside
- regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell
- plays key role in communication among and between cells and external environment
9
Q
two components of Cytoplasm
A
cytosol and organelles
10
Q
Cytosol
A
- liquid portion of cytoplasm
- mostly water with dissolved solutes and particles
11
Q
Organelles
A
- membrane-bound structures with specific structures and functions
12
Q
Nucleus
A
- largest organelle
- acts as the control center
- contains the organisms genes
- control cell structures and activities
13
Q
Lipid bilayer
A
- basic framework of the plasma membrane
14
Q
three types of lipid molecules
A
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Glycolipids
15
Q
Phospholipids
A
lipids that contain phosphorus
16
Q
Glycolipids:
A
- lipids attached to carbohydrates
17
Q
Two types of membrane proteins
A
- Integral
- Peripheral
18
Q
Integral proteins
A
extend into or through the lipid bilayer
19
Q
Peripheral proteins
A
- loosely attached to the interior or exterior surface of the membrane
20
Q
glycoproteins
A
- peripheral proteins attached to carbohydrate
21
Q
Plasma Membrane Function
A
- Selectively permeable: allows some substances to move into and out of cell, but restricts others
22
Q
2 types of proteins in a membrane
A
integral
peripheral
23
Q
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
A
inside body cells
24
Q
3 main parts of a cell
A
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
25
cytoplasm
consists of all cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus
26
glyco means
carbohydrate
27
type of molecules that can not pass through plasma membrane
large molecules such as proteins
28
enzymes
speed up specific chemical reactions
29
where is 2/3 of fluid in the body
intracellular fluid
30
interstitual fluid
microscopic spaces between cells of the tissues
31
plasma
Extracellular fluid in the blood vessels
32
lymph
Extracellular fluid in the lymphatic vessels
33
solute
material dissolved in a fluid
34
solvent
dissolving fluid
35
concentration
amount of a solute in the solvent
36
concentration gradient
difference between high and low concentrations
37
kinetic energy
energy in motion
| - will move down concentration gradient
38
active transport
usually in form of ATP
| -pushes uphill against concentration gradient
39
passive transport and 3 types
only kinetic energy
- down concentration gradient
- diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
40
simple diffusion
movement of substances from higher concentration gradient to lower until equilibrium is reached
41
lipid soluble substances that move by simple diffusion
```
oxygen
carbon dioxide
fatty acids
steroids'
water
urea
```
42
facilitated diffusion
molecules (such as glucose) bind to a integral protein on one side of membrane and released on the other
43
osmosis
passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration
44
isotonic
- solution with equal concentrations of solute and solvent on either side
- water enters and leaves at same rate
- cell maintains shape and volume
45
hypotonic
- solution in ECF has low concentration solute and high concentration of solvent (water)
- cells (such as RBC) to rupture as water moves into cell
46
hypertonic
- solution in the ECF has a high concentration of solute and a low concentration of solvent (water)
- cells (such as RBC) to shrink (crenate) as water moves out of cell
47
sodium- potassium pump (Na+ K+)
keeps high levels of K+ in cells ICF, and high concentration of Na+ outside cell in ECF
- critical for nerve ad muscle function
48
types of active transport
```
Na+K+ pump
endocytosis
phagocytosis
bulk-phase endocytosis
exocytosis
```
49
endocytosis
substances surrounded and enclosed by a piece of the plasma membrane forming a vesicle that bring it into cell
50
2 types of endocytosis
phagocytosis and bulk-phase endocytosis
51
phagocytosis
cell eating
| - how white blood cells destroy bacteria
52
bulk-phase endocytosis
ingestion of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid. vesicle surrounds ECF
- aka pinocytosis "cell drinking"
53
exocytosis
movement of substances out of a cell resulting in secretion of the substance into the ECF
54
oocyte
largest cell
- 140 micrometers
- barely visable to unaided eye
55
red blood cell
disc shaped
8 micrometers
large surface area
pass oxygen
56
sperm cell
tail (flagellum) used for locomotion
57
smooth muscle cell
long, spindle shape
shortens as it contracts
narrows or widens
blood flow
58
microvilli
greatly increases surface area
common in epithelial cells (line small intestine)
speeds the absorption of digested foods
59
nerve cells
long extensions that conduct nerve impulses
